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Introduction to Chemical Processes

Exam 1

Problem 1. ___________
Problem 2. ___________
Problem 3. ___________
Problem 4. ___________

Total:________________

You have 1 hr and 15 minutes to complete this exam. Budget your time!

Exam is closed notes/closed books.

Write on only one side of each page. Ask for extra paper if you need it.

Put a BOX around numerical answers. You must SHOW YOUR WORK to receive
credit.

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 Name:_________________

Problem 1. Short answer questions. (20 points)

A. (5 points) Write the material balance equation in words, and briefly define each term.

B. (5 points) List the four kinds of process units found on a block flow diagram, and
briefly explain the purpose of each.

C. (5 points) 1000 grams of polystyrene (molar mass = 20,800 g/g-mol) is dissolved in

4000 grams of styrene (C8H8, molar mass = 104 g/g-mol). Calculate the mole percent of
polystyrene in the mixture.

D. (5 points) Platinum metal (Pt) is produced by the decomposition of (NH4)2PtCl6 to Pt,

NH4Cl, N2 and HCl. Write the stoichiometrically-balanced chemical equation for
decomposition of (NH4)2PtCl6.

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Problem 2. (20 points)

Nitric acid (HNO3) is made by oxidation of ammonia. Three reactions occur.

R1: ammonia (NH3) reacts with oxygen (O2) to form nitric oxide (NO) and water (H2O).
R2: NO reacts with O2 to form nitrogen dioxide (NO2).
R3: NO2 is bubbled through water (H2O) to produce HNO3 and NO.

A (10 points). Write down a stoichiometrically-balanced chemical equation for each of

these 3 reactions.

B (10 points). Use a generation-consumption analysis to synthesize a reaction pathway to

make nitric acid from ammonia and oxygen based on these 3 reactions, with no net
generation or consumption of NO or NO2. Water is allowed as a byproduct. Calculate the
grams of NH3 and grams of oxygen O2 required to make 100 grams of nitric acid.
Atomic weights: H = 1, N = 14, O = 16.

R1 R2 R3 Overall Rxn
NH3
O2
NO
H2O
NO2
HNO3

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 Name:_________________

Problem 3 (25 points)

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is the most widely-used pigment in white paint. Your job is to
make a white pigment powder that meets customer specifications: the white pigment
powder must contain 60% TiO2, 5% ZnO, 25% CaCO3/SiO2, and 10% NaCl.

The following powders are available from suppliers. Come up with a recipe using these
powders to make white pigment powder that meets customer specifications. List the kg of
each powder required to make 1000 kg white pigment powder.

IMPORTANT: You must DRAW A DIAGRAM and SHOW YOUR WORK to get
credit. No diagram, no work – no points!

Powder 1 (wt Powder 2 (wt Powder 3 (wt Powder 4 (wt

%) %) %) %)
TiO2 90 0 0 0
ZnO 0 50 0 0
CaCO3 0 50 75 0
NaCl 10 0 25 10
SiO2 0 0 0 90

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principles-analysis-synthesis-1st-edition-regina-murphy

Problem 4. (30 points)

Lactose (C12H22O11), or milk sugar, is hydrolyzed to the simple sugars glucose and
galactose by an enzyme called lactase:

C12H22O11 + H2O = C6H12O6 (glucose) + C6H12O6 (galactose) (R1)

Glucose and galactose are isomers – they have the same molecular formula but different
structures (and different tastes). Galactose is converted to glucose by another enzyme-
catalyzed reaction:

C6H12O6 (galactose) = C6H12O6 (glucose) (R2)

A process has been proposed for converting lactose to glucose and galactose. 1000 kg-
mol/day of a solution containing 31.25 mol% lactose and the remainder water is fed to
Reactor 1. 92% of the lactose fed is consumed by reaction R1. The output from Reactor 1
is sent to Reactor 2. 60% of the galactose fed to Reactor 2 is consumed by reaction R2.
The output from Reactor 2 is fed to Separator 1, where 3 separate product streams are
taken off: pure glucose, pure galactose, and a lactose-water solution. The block flow
diagram is sketched below, using L for lactose, W for water, G for glucose and Ga for
galactose. Streams are identified by numbers.

Answer the questions about this process on the following page.

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 Name:_________________

A (10 points). Complete a DOF analysis of this process by filling in the table:

No. of variables Nv No. of constraints Nc

No. of independent stream
variables
No. of independent chemical
reactions

No. of specified bases

No. of specified stream
compositions
No. of specified system
performance specifications
No. of independent material
balance equations
total

DOF = Nv-Nc =

B. (10 points). Demonstrate your understanding of process flow calculations by:

(1) Specifying an appropriate basis:

(2) Identifying one system performance specification (there is more than one, but
you only need to list one):

(3) Writing a complete set of independent material balance equations around

Reactor 1, using appropriate stream and system variables (use only variable names, no
numbers):

C. (10 points) Glucose sells for $0.60/kg and galactose sells for $0.54/kg. What is the
product sales per day ($/day) for this process? The molecular weights of glucose and
galactose are both 180 kg/kg-mol.

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