CHAPTER 2

Basic Physics of Electricity

 Physics
• A science that deals with the
structure of matter and the
interactions between the fundamental
constituents of the observable
universe. In the broadest sense,
physics (from the Greek physikos) is
concerned with all aspects of nature
on both the macroscopic and
submicroscopic levels.
 7 Branches of Physics

1. Mechanics - Motion 2. Thermodynamics- Heat

and its causes; and temperature.
interactions between
objects.
 7 Branches of Physics

3. Vibrations and Waves 4. Optics – Light

Phenomena - Specific (including mirrors),
types of repetitive lenses, colors.
motions- springs,
pendulums, sound.
 7 Branches of Physics

5. Electromagnetism - 6. Relativity - Particles

Electricity, magnetism, moving at any speed,
and light including including very high
electrical charge, speeds.
circuits, and magnets.
 7 Branches of Physics

7. Quantum Mechanics -
Behavior of
submicroscopic and
subatomic particles.
 Electricity

Electricity is an energy power

distributed by wires with a flow of atom
consisting of electrons (-), Protons (+)
and is used for heating and lighting,
and to provide power for machines.
Even though you cannot see electricity,
we are aware of it every day. You see it
used in countless ways. You cannot
taste or smell electricity, but you can
feel it.
Two types of Electricity

Static Electricity is the result of an

imbalance between negative and positive
charges in an object. These charges can
build up on the surface of an object until
they find a way to be released or
discharged. The rubbing of certain
materials against one another can
transfer negative charges, or electrons.
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 Two types of Electricity

Dynamic electricity is the flow of

electric charges through a
conductor; in other words, an
electric current.
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 Elements and Atoms

Elements are the most basic of

materials. Every known substance -
solid, liquid, or gas - is composed of
elements. Atom is the smallest particle
of an element that retains all the
properties of that element. Each
element has its own kind of atom; i.e.,
all hydrogen atoms are alike, and they
are all different from the atoms of other
elements. However, all atoms have
certain things in common.
 Three parts of atom

Electrons - an outer Protons – is a positively A neutrons main function

charged subatomic is to attract each other and
part that consists of
particle forming part of keep the nucleus of an
other tiny particles atom intact. They attract
with a negative the nucleus of an atom
each other by the strong
and determining the
charge particle. atomic number of an
nuclear force and has
neutral charge
element.
 Elements and Atoms

Free Electron is electrons leave their

orbits when the movement of free
electrons is channeled in a given
direction.
 Conductor and Insulator
Conductor - a material that
contains many free electrons and
is capable of carrying an electric
current is called a conductor.
Metals and (generally) water are
conductors. Gold, silver,
aluminum and copper are all good
conductors.
Insulator - Materials that contain
relatively few free electrons are called
insulators. Non-metallic materials such
as wood, rubber, glass and mica are
insulators. However human body, earth
and concrete are fair conductor.
There are several ways electricity produce such as friction,
heat, pressure, light chemical reaction, and magnetism, are
the methods used to move electrons along conductor.
Nowadays the most inexpensive way of producing electrical
power is through magnetism and therefore it is most interest
of us. Because of the interaction of electricity and
magnetism, electricity can be generated economically and
abundantly and electric motors can be used to drive
machinery. Electricity is produced when a magnet is moved
past a piece of wire. Or, a piece of wire can be moved
through a magnetic field. A magnetic field, motion, and a
piece of wire are needed to produce electricity.
Voltage, Current and Resistance
 Voltage, Current and Resistance

Voltage is a force or pressure must

be present before water will flow
through a pipeline. Similarly,
electrons flow through a conductor
because a force called
electromotive force (EMF) is
exerted. The unit of measure for
EMF is the volt. The symbol for
voltage is the letter E. A voltmeter is
used to measure voltage.
 Voltage, Current and Resistance

Current is the movement of

electrons through a wire. Electric
current is measured in amperes
(amps) and refers to the number of
charges that move through the wire
per second.
 Voltage, Current and Resistance

Resistance is an electrical quantity

that measures how the device or
material reduces the electric current
flow through it. The resistance is
measured in units of ohms (Ω). If we
make an analogy to water flow in
pipes, the resistance is bigger when
the pipe is thinner, so the water flow
is decreased.
Voltage, Current and Resistance

FORMULA
Voltage Current

V=IXR I=V/R

Resistance

R=V/I
Voltage, Current and Resistance
Voltage, Current and Resistance
Voltage, Current and Resistance
 ACTIVITY
What formula should we use if the following are missing?
1. E?
2. I?
3. R?
Voltage, Current and Resistance
Voltage, Current and Resistance
Voltage, Current and Resistance
 ACTIVITY
Compute the following problem using ohms law formula:
1. E= 110V; I= 0.5A
2. R= 1000 ohms ; E= 100V
3. R= 100 ohms; I= 0.1A
 ACTIVITY
Compute the following problem using ohms law formula:
1. E= 110V; I= 0.5A; R= E/I= 220 ohms
2. R= 1000 ohms ; E= 100V I= E/R = 0.1A
3. R= 100 ohms; I= 0.1A; E= IxR= 10V
In general, resistance in a conductor depends on four factors: the
material from which it is made, the length, the cross-sectional area, and
the temperature of the material.

1.Different materials have different resistances. Some, such as

silver and copper, have a low resistance, while others, such as
iron have a higher resistance.
2.Length for a given material that has a constant cross-sectional
area, the total resistance is proportional to the length. The
longer the conductor, the greater the resistance.
3.Cross-Sectional area Resistance varies inversely with the
cross-sectional area of the conductor. In other words, the
resistance decreases as the cross-sectional area increases.
In general, resistance in a conductor depends on four factors: the
material from which it is made, the length, the cross-sectional area, and
the temperature of the material.

4. Temperature generally, in metals, the resistance increases as

the temperature increases. For non-metals, the reverse is
usually true.
Questions???