MATTER 1B

FORMS,
PROPERTIES
AND CHANGES

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 What Is This Module About?

As you have learned in the first part of this module, all objects, life-forms and materials
around us are forms of matter. Just as buildings have different forms and features, matter also has
different physical characteristics and properties such as color, shape and texture. Matter also
exists in different forms. It also undergoes physical and chemical changes.
This module has three lessons:
Lesson 5 – States of Matter
Lesson 6 – Properties of Matter
Lesson 7 – Changes in Matter

What Will You Learn From This Module?

After reading this module, you should be able to:

 identify the state of a certain substance;
 discuss the physical and chemical properties of matter;
 identify the different physical properties of matter;
 distinguish between physical and chemical changes; and
 discuss how understanding changes in matter can help you deal with daily life
situations.

Let’s See What You Already Know

Before you start studying this module, take the following simple test first to find out how well
you know the topics to be discussed.
A. Read each statement carefully. Write True if the sentence is correct and write False if
it is not, then give a reason for your answer.
1. When butter melts, it turns to liquid and fills the container. This proves that
the quantity of matter increases when matter is melted.
Reason:

2. Carbon dioxide can exist in two states — solid and gas. Carbon dioxide
when used by plants in manufacturing food is in the solid state.
Reason:

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 3. A chemical change takes place when paper is burned.
Reason:

4. Sugar crystals undergo a physical change when ground.

Reason:

B. Encircle the letter of the best answer to each question and give the reason for your
choice.
1. Matter can exist in three states — solid, liquid and gas. Which of the following
materials is in the liquid state?
a. ice
b. dry ice
c. margarine
d. unleaded gasoline
Reason:

2. Matter can undergo either physical or chemical changes. Which of the following is
a chemical change?
a. evaporating alcohol
b. salt dissolving completely in water
c. sugar fermenting into alcohol
d. copper wire conducting electricity
Reason:

3. Oil and rice hulls (palay) float in water. What intensive property of matter can
best explain this observation?
a. mass
b. weight
c. volume
d. density
Reason:

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 4. The physical properties of matter can be further classified as either intensive or
extensive. Which of the following shows an intensive property of matter?
a. mass of air in a balloon
b. temperature of boiling water
c. length of time required to melt ice
d. lot area occupied by a house
Reason:

5. Matter can undergo either physical or chemical changes. Which of the following
illustrates a physical change?
a. fruits ripening
b. candles melting
c. milk turning sour
d. firewood burning
Reason:

6. Which of the following are products of physical and chemical changes

respectively?
a. crumpled paper and torn paper
b. broken egg and hardboiled egg
c. melted ice and frozen water
d. cut fingernails and cut toenails
Reason:

Well, how was it? Do you think you fared well? Compare your answers with those found in
the Answer Key on page 42.
If all your answers are correct, very good! This shows that you already know much about
the topics in this module. You may still study the module to review what you already know. Who
knows, you might learn a few more new things as well.
If you got a low score, don’t feel bad. This means that this module is for you. It will help you
understand important concepts that you can apply in your daily life. If you study this module
carefully, you will learn the answers to all the items in the test and a lot more! Are you ready?
You may go now to the next page to begin Lesson 1.

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 LESSON 5

States of Matter

Now you know that matter can be classified into pure substances and mixtures. Pure
substances can be further divided into elements and compounds. But did you know that matter
can exist in different states?
You will learn about the three states of matter in this lesson.

Let’s Learn

When we say state of matter, we are referring to the physical condition of matter. There are
three states of matter—solid, liquid and gas.
Recall the activity that you did. The material that you studied in the activity is water. The ice
cube represents the solid state of water. When the ice melted, what you saw is the liquid state of
water. This is the state of water you are most familiar with. When you boiled the water, its
molecules or particles escaped into the air. This is because the water has changed from a liquid
into a gas.

Let’s Learn

Why were there no changes in the shapes of the stone and wood as you pressed your hand
against them? The answer lies in the way the particles of solids are arranged. Look at the
following diagram.

Solid molecules

How will you describe the arrangements of the particles in the two solids?

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 You will note from the diagram that solid particles are very close to one another. They are
held tightly together in fixed positions. As such, solid particles find it very difficult to move in any
direction. Each solid particle is very attracted to another solid particle. For this reason, solids can
not be easily deformed or compressed.
Let us now discuss the arrangements of the particles of water and vinegar. Did the water
and vinegar flow when you transferred each of them to a different container?
You observed that water and vinegar flowed when they were transferred from one container
to another. They are liquids. Thus we say that liquids flow. Why do you think so?

Liquids flow because of the arrangement of their particles. Take a look at this diagram.

Liquid particles

How will you describe the arrangement of particles in a liquid?

Note that there are spaces between the particles of a liquid. These particles are less tightly
held in comparison with solids. They can move past one another. For this reason, liquids flow.
Let us now discuss what happened to the inflated rubber balloon. What happened to the
balloon when you pressed it with both hands? Why was it deformed?
Look at this diagram. This shows how gas particles are arranged in a container.

Gas particles

How will you describe the arrangement of particles in a gas? Compare the distance between
liquid particles with that between gas particles.
There is a greater distance between two gas particles than between two liquid particles. Gas
particles are much more weakly attracted to one another than liquid particles. Hence, gas
particles have more freedom to move in all directions. They tend to fill up all the spaces in a
container.

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 Can you now tell why the rubber balloon was deformed?
When you pressed your hands against the inflated rubber balloon, the gas particles inside it
moved closer to one another. By pressing the balloon, you decreased the volume that the gas
particles occupied. As a result, the rubber balloon was slightly deformed. When you removed
your hands, the gas particles were free to move apart again.

From our discussions, you learned that:

 Solid particles are held tightly together in fixed positions.
 Liquid particles are held less tightly than solid particles hence, they flow.
Gas particles are less tightly

Let’s Learn

Recall the activity that you did in “Let’s Try This” on page 4. The ice cube that you tested
underwent changes in phase. It started out as a solid (ice) then it changed into a liquid (water) and
then into a gas (water vapor). How can you change the state of a material into another state?
How were you able to melt the ice cube? You took it from the freezer, which has a low
temperature, and placed it outside where the temperature is higher. The process of changing a
solid into a liquid is called melting. You were able to change the solid ice cube into liquid water
by increasing the temperature. This means that you added heat to the ice cube to enable it to
change from one state to another.
Let us look at this simple equation:
melting
s

Solid Liquid
s

solidification

The reverse of melting is solidification. This occurs when a liquid changes into a solid, as
indicated by the reverse arrow. How will you be able to change a liquid into a solid? By removing
heat, of course. In the case of liquid water, you do this by placing the water in the freezer where it
will change into ice.

Where you able to change the liquid water into gas? Again, you were able to do so by adding
heat. You did this by boiling the water. When a liquid changes into a gas, we call the process
evaporation. Look at the following equation:
evaporation
s

Liquid Gas
s

condensation

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 The reverse process of evaporation is condensation. You will be able to change a gas into a
liquid by removing heat. Water vapor, for instance, rises into the air. The higher it goes, the cooler the
temperature of its surroundings. It condenses and forms a cluster of tiny water droplets that you
recognize as a cloud.

Let’s Think About This

Why is it that droplets of water form on the outside of a glass of cold water? What process
is responsible for this?

Compare your answer with those found in the Answer Key on page 43.

Let’s Try This

Is it possible for a solid to change into a gas without changing into a liquid first? Find out in
this activity.
You will need the following:
naphthalene or mothballs
dry ice (You may ask for a piece from stores that sell frozen products such as ice cream.)
Put the mothballs in your closet. After two weeks, check the appearance of the mothballs.
Did their size change? What could be the reason for this?
Put the dry ice on a table. Observe what happens to it. Did its size change? Did it melt?
Some solids are capable of changing into gases without going through the liquid state. The
process of transforming a solid into a gas is called sublimation. Did you notice how the
mothballs and the dry ice became smaller after some time? This is because part of the two solids
had changed into gas and escaped into the air.

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 Let’s See What You Have Learned

A. In what state of matter does each of these substances and mixtures occur? Write your
answer on the line before the number.
1. ashes
2. palay grains
3. fish scales
4. air
5. water in the creek
6. melted ice
7. mothball
8. dried stalks of palay
9. water vapor
10. coconut oil
B. Identify each of the following characteristics as that of a solid, liquid or gas.
1. Maintains its own volume but takes the shape of its container
2. Has little or no attraction between particles
3. Has a fixed arrangement of particles
4. A substance that has particles that are very strongly attracted to one
another
5. Does not have definite volume nor a definite shape
Compare your answers with those found in the Answer Key on page 43. Did you get a
perfect score? If you did, that means you are really a good learner. If you did not get everything
right, don’t worry. Just review the items you missed. Afterward, you may proceed to the next
lesson.

Let’s Remember

 The state of matter refers to the physical condition of matter.

 Matter exists in three states: solid, liquid and gas.
 A solid has a definite shape and definite volume. A liquid has an indefinite shape and
definite volume. A gas has an indefinite shape and volume.
 The particles of solids are closely packed. The particles of liquids are far apart, giving
them freedom to move. The particles of gases are even farther apart than those of
solids. Their freedom to move in different directions is greater than that of liquid
particles. Thus, they tend to fill up all the spaces inside a container.

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 LESSON 6

Properties of Matter

This lesson deals with the physical and chemical characteristics or properties of matter. It
also looks at the two kinds of properties of matter—intensive and extensive properties. Those
that depend on the kind or quality of matter are called intensive properties. Color and texture
are intensive properties. Extensive properties are those that depend on the amount of matter.
Mass and volume are extensive properties. During the lesson, you will learn to classify the
properties of matter as physical or chemical properties and as intensive or extensive properties.

Let’s Try This

Choose any one of the materials listed in the table. Name its characteristics. Write these in
the appropriate column. Use the appropriate adjectives (words used to describe a particular
thing or object). Follow the example in the table.

Material Char
Pencil Long, golden yello
Box
Pot
Ball
Can
Dust pan

Were you able to give appropriate adjectives to describe your chosen materials? If you
were, that’s great!
The adjectives you wrote are the properties of your chosen material.
When we talk about our properties in our conversations with our friends and family, we
refer to the things we own. Our properties may be
a hectare of rice field, a tricycle, a passenger jeep
or a fish pond. In chemistry, how do we define the
properties of matter?
The properties of matter are characteristics
that make it easy to identify that particular matter.
For example, you can easily identify your dog from
among the dogs in your neighborhood. Why?
Because your dog has characteristics that are
different from those of other dogs. These
characteristics include the color of its fur, the shape

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of its ears and its legs and tail. Here is another example. Even if there are several clothes hanging
on the clothesline, you still know which ones are yours. You can identify your clothes through their
colors and probably the way you hung them on the clothesline.

Let’s Read

Read the following paragraph:

Most Ilocanos prefer the clay banga over the

aluminum pot in cooking pinakbet and paksiw.
However, the clay banga breaks easily when it is
dropped. Care must be observed when using it. On
the other hand, cooking is done faster in an
aluminum pot. It is a metal, thus it quickly absorbs
heat. The clay banga does not heat easily. The heat it
absorbs however tends to stay inside longer and
does not escape. Heat is confined inside and is thus
good for keeping cooked food warm longer.

Let’s Think About This

1. What are the properties of banga that explain why it is favored over the aluminum pot?

2. What is the disadvantage of using the clay banga?

3. What are the attractive properties of the aluminum pot?

Compare your answers with those found in the Answer Key on page 44.

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 Let’s Learn

We have been discussing the properties of materials. Is your knowledge of the properties of
materials very important?
Knowledge of the properties of materials is important in solving problems and making
decisions in daily life. The table below shows the properties and uses of common materials.

Material Properties
Stainless steel Hard; resists corrosion

Polyvinyl chloride Tough plastic

(PVC)
Fertilizers Can increase the nitrogen
content of soil
Aluminum foil Light; good conductor of
heat
Lye Basic
Baking soda Basic
Limewater (apog) Basic
Copper Good conductor of
electricity; resists corrosio

The properties of matter may be classified as physical or chemical properties. Get a sheet of
yellow paper. Observe its appearance. When you describe its color, size, thickness, mass and
length, you are naming its physical properties.
If you burn the paper, what happens to it? Will it still have the same physical properties as it
did before it was burned? The paper changed into black ashes when it was burned. It lost its
identity when it was completely burned. The property shown by the paper upon burning is a
chemical property.

Let’s Learn

From the preceding activity, you observed that the color and texture of the cardboard did
not change, but the size and shape of the card did. It was a 3 × 5-inch rectangular cardboard but
cutting it changed it into a zigzag chain long enough to slip around your neck.
Color, texture, size and shape are among the physical properties of the cardboard you
studied. How were you able to describe these properties of cardboard?
You were able to describe the physical properties of the cardboard by looking at it and
touching it.
Let us look at the other physical properties of matter.

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 Let’s Study and Analyze

Read each sentence below. Underline the word or phrase that describes a physical
property.
1. Halu-halo tastes sweet.
2. Boiled sweet potatoes are soft.
3. Raul is having chills. His body temperature is 38°C.
4. One sack of rice weighs 50 kilograms.
5. Maria has long black hair.
Did you underline the following words?
1. tastes sweet
2. soft
3. body temperature is 38°C
4. 50 kilograms
5. long, black hair
Taste, hardness temperature, mass and length are some other physical properties.
Recall the properties of the metals and nonmetals that you compared in Lesson 2. Those are
all physical properties too.

Physical properties are those that can be observed by looking, touching, tasting,
smelling and feeling the material being observed. Color, length, mass, temperature,
taste and texture are some physical properties.

Let’s Study and Analyze

Read the following paragraph. Underline the phrases that describe the physical properties of
copper.
Copper is a bright, shiny metal. It can be hammered into thin sheets and drawn into thin
wires. It is also a good conductor of electricity and heat. It melts at 1083°C and boils at 2567°C.
Pure copper always has these properties.
Are these the phrases you underlined?
 bright, shiny metal
 can be hammered
 can be pulled into thin wires
 good conductor of electricity

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  melts at 1083°C
 boils at 2567°C

Let’s Learn

Unlike physical properties, the chemical properties of a material cannot be determined just
by looking at, touching, smelling and tasting the material. A chemical property describes how
one kind of matter reacts with another kind of matter to form a new substance.
When you burned the piece of yellow paper, it combined with oxygen in the air to form
ashes. The ability of a material to burn is called flammability. Flammability, therefore, is a
chemical property.
Can you think of other foods that decolorize when peeled and exposed to air? Among these
are bananas, apples and cassavas.
Do you know now how to prevent these foods from turning brown when exposed to air?

Let’s Try This

Read each of the items below. Encircle the word or phrase that describes a chemical
property.
1. Milk turns sour after twelve hours.
2. Pancit spoils easily when it is not refrigerated.
3. Acid rain damages the surfaces of buildings and monuments.
4. Barbed wire rusts when it exposed to moisture and oxygen in the air.
5. Dry leaves and twigs burn fast.
Did you encircle the following words and phrases?
1. turns sour
2. spoils easily
3. damages the surfaces
4. rusts
5. burn

Let’s Learn

All the words and phrases you encircled indicate that the materials underwent changes in
composition. Milk turns sour because of a change in its composition.
The occurrence of a change in the composition of a material indicates a chemical property of
that material.

The chemical properties of a material are those properties that can be observed when
the material undergoes changes in its composition. Souring shows a chemical property of
milk. Rust formation shows a chemical property of barbed wire.
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 Here are other examples of chemical properties of matter. Encircle the words or phrases
that describe them.
1. Copper turns green when it is exposed to the atmosphere for a long time. The surface
reacts with moisture, oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to produce a new
substance called copper carbonate.
2. Gold does not change when it is exposed to air. When it is dissolved in a mixture of
hydrochloric and nitric acids, a new yellow solution is produced. This new substance is
called gold chloride.

Did you encircle the following phrases?

 turns green
 does not change when it is
exposed to air
 yellow solution is produced

Some common materials and their chemical properties are listed in the table below.

Item Ch
Gasoline Flammable
Pesticides and insecticides Poisonous
Matches Flammable
Burning candle Flammable
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) Flammable

If you have these in your household, where will you keep them? Why?
You must keep them out of reach of children to avoid accidents. You should also keep
flammable materials from high-temperature areas.

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 Let’s Review

Fill up the following table.

Item Physical Property

Paper white
Candle
Broom
Wheel
Plastic bag
Detergent
Water
Sugarcane

Compare your answers with those found in the Answer Key on page 44.

Let’s Study and Analyze

What are the physical and chemical properties indicated in the following sentence?
The temperature of the land is an important factor for the ripening of kalamansi because it
affects the evaporation of water and the humidity of the surrounding air.
Compare your answers with those found in the Answer Key on page 44.

Let’s Learn

Physical properties are classified into intensive properties and extensive properties. As I
mentioned in the beginning of this lesson, intensive properties are properties that depend on the
quality or kind of material. Extensive properties, on the other hand, depend on the amount of
material.
Can you name some intensive properties? How about some extensive properties?
Odor, color, boiling point and melting point are some intensive properties. Mass, length and
volume are extensive properties.
How about density? Density is the ratio of the mass of a material to its volume. Given that
both mass and volume are extensive properties, is it safe to say that density is also an extensive
property? Well, no. Density is a property characteristic of the kind of material.

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 Let’s Learn

Density is an intensive property of matter. It refers to the amount of material that occupies a
given volume of matter. It is measured in grams per milliliter or grams per liter. The theoretical
density of water is 1 gram per milliliter. Each gram of water occupies a volume of one milliliter.
Let us consider other intensive properties.
Water boils at 100°C. This is the accepted standard. Two cups of water will boil at 100°C
or lower. Three cups of water will also boil at 100°C or lower. A kettle full of water will also boil
at 100°C or lower. Thus, regardless of its amount, water still boils at 100°C or slightly lower.
Boiling point (the temperature at which a liquid boils) is another intensive property of matter.

Let us consider the physical properties of copper as mentioned previously in this lesson.
 bright, shiny metal
 can be beaten into different shapes
without breaking
 can be pulled into thin wires
 good conductor of electricity
 melts at 1083°C
 boils at 2567°C
These properties are all intensive properties. They remain the same no matter how much
copper you have.

Let’s Think About This

1. Is the level of the sugar-water mixture at the 2-cup mark?

2. Why is the volume of the mixture not equal to 2 cups?

Let’s Learn

Water and sugar are matter. They cannot occupy the same space at the same time. The cup
of sugar is not made up of sugar crystals tightly packed all throughout. There are spaces or gaps
between the crystals. Water fills in these gaps resulting in a volume that is less than equal to 2
cups.
Volume is a property that is dependent on the amount of a material.

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 Let’s Try This

Below is a list of common samples of matter. Name some of their extensive properties.
1. rice field
2. gasoline
3. stone
4. tomato
5. balloon

Compare your answers with those found in the Answer Key on page 44.

Let’s See What You Have Learned

A. Identify whether each statement describes a physical property or a chemical property.

1. An iron nail is attracted to a magnet.

2. A silver spoon is tarnished when exposed to air for some time.
3. Ice floats on liquid water.
4. Water boils at 78°C on top of an 18500-foot mountain.
5. Hemoglobin molecules are red.
6. When a glass of water is left out in the sun, the water gradually
disappears.
7. During photosynthesis, plants convert carbon dioxide in air into
more complex molecules that serve as a source of energy.
8. Acid rain corrodes statues and other structures.
9. All metals are hard except for a few, such as sodium.
10. Copper sulfate pentahydrate is blue.
B. Determine whether each of the following phrases describes an intensive or extensive
property.
1. mass of air in a balloon
2. temperature of boiling water
3. area of a lot
4. volume of liquefied petroleum gas
5. texture of the skin
6. boiling point of rubbing alcohol
7. mass of a one-month-old baby
8. distance covered by a moving tricycle
9. colors of the rainbow
10. softness of cotton balls
Compare your answers with those found in the Answer Key on page 45.
Did you get everything right? If you did, that’s very good. You may move on to Lesson 7. If
you did not, don’t worry. Just review the parts of this lesson that you did not understand well.
Afterward, you may proceed to the next lesson.
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Let’s Remember

 The properties of matter are characteristics that make it easy to identify them.
 The physical properties of matter are those that can be observed without changing the
taste, color or the composition of matter.
 The chemical properties of matter are those that can be observed when matter
undergoes a change in taste, color or when a new substance with new properties is
formed.
 The intensive properties of matter are those that are dependent on the quality or kind
of matter.
 The extensive properties of matter are those that are dependent on the amount of
matter.

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 LESSON 7

Changes in Matter

Changes in matter take place all the time

around us. Water from the oceans and seas
evaporate. Fruits ripen. Dead plants and animals
decay and soon become part of the soil. Scientists
continuously change one form of a substance into
another. Those who lived before us millions of years
ago converted blocks of clay into pots and
limestone rocks into building materials.

Most consumer products these days are prepared

through chemical changes. Iron ore is converted into
steel and is used for making cars. Simple chemicals are
transformed into nylon and other synthetic materials
used in the production of textile products.

Let’s Try This

Do the following activities:

1. Get a piece of eggshell. Dry it. Pulverize it. What
happened to it?

2. Measure three cups of rice. Winnow it. Rinse it once

with water. What happened to the rice?

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 3. Slice a ripe banana. Place it in a bowl containing a
mixture of sugar and water. What happened?

Let’s Think About This

1. Were there changes in any of the materials that you tested? What are these changes, if
any?

2. Did the activities that you performed on the materials change the composition of the
materials? Or did the materials retain their respective identities? Why do you say so?

Compare your answers with those found in the Answer Key on page 45.

Let’s Learn

All the activities that you performed on the materials caused only a physical change in the
materials. Why do we say so? That’s because only the appearance of the materials changed, not
their composition. Take a look at the eggshell that you pulverized. Do you think that when you
pulverized it, you changed its makeup or composition? No. The pulverized eggshell is made up of
the same matter that the whole eggshell was made of. The rice retained its identity even after you
winnowed and soaked it in water. So did the banana even after you sliced it and put the slices in
sugar and water.
Therefore, we can say that a physical change occurs when only the look or appearance of
the material changes and not its composition.
Recall the changes in the state or phase of matter that you learned in Lesson 6. Is the
transformation of matter from one state or phase into another also a physical change? Yes, it is.
When ice melts into liquid water, it does not change in composition. Every molecule of the water
is still made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. When water evaporates, the water
vapor formed still has the same composition as the liquid water and the ice.
Therefore, we say that phase changes are physical changes.

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 Let’s Learn

A chemical change takes place when a substance changes into an entirely new substance
with differentproperties.
Can you think of other examples of chemical changes?
When you use Clorox, a bleaching agent, to remove stains
on your clothes, you are making a chemical change. See, the
grease on the clothes combines with the active ingredient of
Clorox, sodium hypochlorite, and they form a new substance that
is readily washed away with water.
There are other good examples of chemical changes. The
rusting of iron nail produces a reddish brown compound, iron (III)
oxide or ferric oxide. Electrolysis of water produces two
elements, hydrogen and oxygen. Burning wood in a forest
produces ashes. The tearing off of paint from statues and
monuments produces a new compound, calcium sulfate.

Let’s Think About This

1. Which of the pieces of steel wool rusted first? Why?

2. Which of the pieces of steel wool showed no signs of rusting after 24 hours? Why?

Are your answers the same as these?

The piece of steel wool without soap and soaked in vinegar was the first to rust. This is
because vinegar reacted with the coating of the steel wool, thereby removing its protection from
rust. The iron in the steel wool was then free to react with the oxygen in the air, forming rust.
Why didn’t the other piece of steel wool soaked in vinegar rust as fast as the first one?
That’s because you sprinkled soap powder on it first before you soaked it in vinegar. The soap
served to protect the coating of the steel wool by reacting with the vinegar. Hence, the coating of
the steel wool remained intact and prevented iron from reacting with oxygen in the air.
The dry piece of steel wool showed no signs of rusting after 24 hours because its coating
prevented any chemical change to take place on it.

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 Mouth
Tongue

Esophagus

Liver

Stomach

Pancreas

Large
intestine
Small
intestine

Anus

The human digestive system

Digestion of food involves physical and chemical changes. The process of digestion starts in
the mouth. When you chew the food you eat, you convert it into smaller particles in a process
known as grinding. The food you are chewing combines with saliva that helps break down the
food first to produce a soft mass. This is swallowed and passes through your esophagus going to
your stomach. Here, the food mass combines with stomach juices, such as hydrochloric acid. The
food mass will now be changed into a thin, watery liquid called chyme. The chyme will then go to
the small intestine. It is then mixed with the juices of the liver and the pancreas. When the chyme
becomes a soup of nutrients, it is ready for distribution to the different parts of the body. The
undigested chyme becomes a solid in the large intestine. This is removed from the body in the
form of feces or waste matter.
The process of grinding the food is a physical change. The rest of the processes involved in
digestion are chemical changes.

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 Let’s Study and Analyze

Here are some situations that we meet in daily life. They involve physical and chemical
changes. What can you do to prevent each from happening? Write your answers in a separate
sheet of paper.
1. spoilage of foods
2. souring of milk
3. mold growing on eggplants
4. rusting of metallic kitchen utensils
5. scalding of skin from hot kettles
6. hands getting stained from cutting gabi
7. foul odor from decaying kitchen wastes
Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on pages 45 and 46.

Let’s See What You Have Learned

Decide whether each of the following is a physical change or a chemical change.

1. evaporation of acetone
2. fermentation of sugar to produce alcohol
3. tearing of a sheet of aluminum foil
4. adding air to a tire to increase its pressure
5. burning dried leaves
6. heating sugar until a black residue is obtained
7. adding sugar to black coffee
8. formation of a solid mass when honey is cooled
9. rotting of eggs
10. explosion of a firecracker
Compare your answers with those found in the Answer Key on page 46.

Let’s Remember

 A physical change in matter refers to changes in the external appearance of matter,

such as a change in length. No new substance is formed.
 A chemical change in matter refers to changes in the composition of matter. A new
substance with a new set of properties is produced.
You have now reached the end of the module. Congratulations! Did you enjoy studying this
module? Did you learn a lot from it? The following is a summary of its main points to help you
remember them better.

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 Let’s Sum Up

This module tells us that:

 Matter exists in three states — solid, liquid and gas.
 A solid has a definite shape and volume. A liquid has no definite shape but a definite
volume. A gas has no definite shape and no definite volume.
 The particles of solids are closely packed. They could hardly move from one direction
to another. Liquid particles are far apart so they can move freely. Gas particles are
farthest apart. They can move freely in all directions. They tend to fill the spaces inside
the container.
 The physical properties of matter are those that can be observed without changing the
composition ofmatter.
 The chemical properties of matter are those that can be observed when matter
undergoes a change in its composition.
 The intensive properties of matter are those that are dependent on the kind or quality
of matter.
 The extensive properties of matter are those that are dependent on the amount of
matter.
 A physical change refers to changes in the appearance of matter. No new substance is
formed.
 A chemical change refers to changes in the composition of matter. A new substance
with a new set of properties is produced.

What Have You Learned?

A. Identify what is being described in each of the following sentences.

1. It is a state of matter in which the particles are held together in
fixed positions.
2. Adding or removing this can transform matter from one state to
another.
3. Shape and color are examples of this type of property.
4. It is the ability of a substance to burn.
5. It is the ratio of the mass of a material to its volume.
6. It refers to the transformation of a solid into a liquid.
7. When this occurs, the composition of matter is changed.
8. It is dependent on the kind or quality of matter.

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 9. It is the transformation of a gas into a liquid.
10. It is dependent on the quantity of matter.
B. State whether each of the following is a chemical change or a physical change. Place
each item in the appropriate column in the table below.
1. rusting of a nail
2. setting of a jelly
3. digesting a chocolate bar
4. developing a photograph
5. chopping a potato
6. boiling water
7. tarnishing of a silver spoon
8. burning a candle
9. baking a cake
10. sawing a board into two halves
11. breaking a glass
12. inflating a balloon
13. melting butter
14. bleaching a stain
15. fermentation of rice washing

Physical Change Chemical Change

C. Name the changes that occur when you burn a candle. Classify these changes as
physical or chemical changes.

D. Identify the following changes as evaporation, melting, solidification, freezing or

condensation.
1. Bubbles are formed within a liquid and escape into the air.
2. A substance changes from a liquid to a gas.
3. A solid changes to vapor, but no liquid is formed.
4. A liquid changes to a solid.
5. A solid changes to a liquid.
Compare your answers with those found in the Answer Key on page 47

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