SCIENCE 9 –

FIRST QUARTER
REVIEWER

Biology 9
 CONTENTS

Circulatory system, Respiratory System Heredity, Inheritance and

Blood, Blood Vessels & Variation
Blood Types
 CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

• Also known as “Cardiovascular System”

• A life support system that transports nutrients and oxygen in the body.
• Removes waste materials produced by the cells.
• Carries hormones from the point of secretion to where they are needed.
• It functions as a busy highway that connects all the cells in the body, keeping
them alive.

• Sir William Harvey discovered that the blood flows in a unidirectional (or one-
directional) circuit

Next: Parts of the Circulatory

System
 PARTS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

• Heart
• A cone shaped muscular organ which pumps blood throughout the body.
• Approximately the size of a large fist.
• Located at the center of the chest between the lungs, slightly deviated to the left.
• The Heart has 4 chambers: The bottom 2 and The top 2 chambers

• More parts of the heart

• Atria – Contract and pump blood to the ventricles. ( Upper Part )
• Left Ventricle – Pumps blood to all body parts. ( Lower Part )
• Right Ventricle – Pumps blood to all body parts. ( Lower Part )
• Valves – Separates the upper and lower chambers that prevent the backward flow of blood.
 CHAMBERS OF THE HEART

• There are 4 chambers of the heart: The bottom 2 and the top 2 chambers
• Bottom 2 chambers consist of: Left and Right Ventricle
• These two chambers “pumps” the blood out of the heart

• Top 2 chambers consist of: Left and Right Atrium

• These two chambers “receives” the blood coming to the heart

Next: Valves of the

Heart
 VALVES OF THE HEART

• The tricuspid valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle.

• The mitral valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle.

There are also two valves also separate the ventricles from the large blood
vessels that carry blood leaving the heart:
• The pulmonic valve is between the right ventricle and the pulmonary
artery, which carries blood to the lungs.
• The aortic valve is between the left ventricle and the aorta, which carries
blood to the body.

Next:
Blood
 BLOOD

• Essential to life and in the transportation of hormones to the target cells of the body.
• Blood circulates through our body and delivers essential substances like oxygen and nutrients to the body’s
cells.
• It also transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells. There is no substitute for blood. It
cannot be made or manufactured.
• The internal circulating medium of the body that gives life to cells.
• Transports raw materials to cells.
• Removes wastes from cells.
• Brings metabolic waste to the specific excretory organs of the body to avoid the buildup of toxic materials.
• Regulates the acid-base balance in the body.
• Protects the body from diseases and blood loss.

Next: Components of
Blood
 COMPONENTS OF BLOODS

• There are 4 basic components of blood:

• Red Blood Cells (RBC) or Erythrocytes
• White Blood Cells (WBC) or Leukocytes
• Platelets or Thrombocytes
• Plasma

Next: Red Blood

Cells
 RED BLOOD CELLS
• Bi-concave, dislike cells that are non-nucleated.

• Red blood cells represent 40%-45% of your blood volume.

• Blood may contain approximately 5 million RBC per cubic millimeter and may vary according to age and gender. ( F
– 4.8m per cubic meter , M – 5.4m per cubic meter )

• Mature RBCs do not have a nuclei

• The protein molecule hemoglobin occupies the thin center and some parts of the cytoplasm to facilitate the binding
of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

• Lives for 90 to 120 days

• HEMOGLOBIN - An important iron and protein compound of RBC that easily binds with gases. Provides
attachment for the oxygen needed by the cells and for collecting carbon dioxide. The iron it contains gives blood its
red color. Reused to make new RBC and others become part of bile.

Next: White Blood

Cells
 WHITE BLOOD CELLS

• Cells of the immune system.

• Help defend the body from invasion of pathogens that may cause diseases.
• Most are produced and stored in the bone marrow, other types are produced in the lymph
nodes.
• Granular (Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils) or Agranular (Lymphocytes and Monocytes)
• Varies in shape and have a large nuclei.
• Larger in size and fewer than RBCs
• 5,000 to 10,000 WBC per cubic millimeter of blood.
• Lives for 1 to 3 days.

Next:
Platelets
 PLATELETS

• Colorless cells that are smaller than the red and white blood cells
• Has no nuclei
• Sole purpose is to aid in clotting
• They stick to the broken vessel and release an enzyme when a blood vessel
is injured. Fibrinogen transforms into fibrin, that form a spongy mesh which
platelets attach to and form a plug, Thrombus.

Next:
Plasma
 PLASMA

• Plasma is the liquid portion of your blood.

• The unclothed or uncoagulated liquid part of blood that is transparent and
straw-colored.
• Yellowish in color and is made up mostly of water, but it also contains
proteins, sugars, hormones and salts.
• It transports water and nutrients to your body’s tissues.

Next: Blood
Vessels
 BLOOD VESSELS
• Arteries
• Blood vessels responsible for carrying blood away from the heart.
• Carries oxygenated blood
• Branches out, forming a hollow tree that enters each organ of the body: Arterioles
• Evolved to withstand the pressure caused by the flow of blood from the heart.

• Veins
• Blood vessels that are responsible for carrying blood back to the heart.
• Contains deoxygenated blood
• Due to minimal pressure they have valves
• Venules – Fine microscopic branches of veins
– Branch out into structures composed of a single layer of endothelial cells, capillaries.

• Capillaries
• The finest and thinnest of all the blood vessels.
• Form a vast network where the exchange of materials take place in the body.
• Its walls are made of single celled epithelial tissues.
• The exchange of materials take place by diffusion through the capillary walls.

Next: Blood
Circulation
 BLOOD CIRCULATION

• Pulmonary Circulation
• Blood collected enters the heart through the Superior and Inferior Vena Cava, into
the right Atrium.
• Blood is low in Oxygen and high Carbon Dioxide.

• Systematic Circulation
• Blood returning to the heart from the lungs is oxygenated and is ready to deliver
oxygen to the rest of the body.
• Pumped from the left Atrium to the left Ventricle, passing by the Mitral valve then
through the Aorta.

Next: Pathway of the

Blood
 PATHWAY OF THE BLOOD

Vena Right Right Pulmonar

Lungs
Cava Atrium Ventricle y Artery

Left Left Pulmonar

Body Aorta
Ventricle Atrium y Vein

Next: Blood Types

 BLOOD TYPES

TYPE AB – UNIVERSAL
RECIPIENT

TYPE O – UNIVERSAL
DONOR

Next: Blood
Pressure
 BLOOD PRESSURE

• When blood is forced into the Arteries by Ventricular Contraction, it exerts

pressure on the walls of the blood vessels.
• Normal blood pressure is 120 systolic BP and 80 diastolic BP mm Hg.
• Sphygmomanometer – Used for measuring blood pressure.

• Reads two pressure values:

• Systolic Pressure – Tells how much pressure is exerted when the heart contracts
and blood flows in the Arteries.
• Diastolic Pressure – Tells how much pressure is exerted when the heart relaxes.

Next: Cardiovascular
Diseases
 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
• Affects the circulatory system.
• Belongs to the top 5 leading causes of mortality.
• Common disease include:
• Angina Pectoris
• Refers to “chest pain”
• A symptom similar to a heart attack, but mild.
• Symptom warns the person that there is an inadequate supply of oxygen in the heart.
• Atherosclerosis
• Caused by the accumulation of fatty substances and cholesterol in the arteries.
• May result in vascular resistance and decreased blood flow.
• Stroke
• Caused by the interference in the supply of blood to the brain.
• May be caused by a blood clot in the blood vessels of the brains or Atherosclerosis.
• Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction)
• Caused by insufficient blood supply to one or more parts of the heart muscles, which result to the
death of cells.
• Can be caused by a blood clot that formed in the Coronary Arteries or by Atherosclerosis.
END OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM,
BLOOD, BLOOD VESSELS AND BLOOD
TYPES

Proceed to
Go back to Respiratory
Contents System
 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

• A series of organs responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon

dioxide.
• Consists of: Respiratory Tubes (Airways) and Chest Cavity.
Respiratory Tubes – Nose, throat trachea, bronchi and lungs.
• Chest cavity – A pressure-changing structure that encloses most airways.
• Respiration – The exchange of gases between the cells and their
environment.

Next: Parts of the Respiratory

System
 PARTS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• Nose - Contains the nostrils and the organs of smell and functions as the usual passageway for air in
respiration.
• Nostrils – Passageways of air into the body.

• Nasal Cavity – Hollow cavities that extend from the nostrils to the throat.

• Coarse hairs – Strain some dust particles out of the air that enters the body.

• Mucous membrane – A layer of specialized cells that line the walls of the nasal passages.

• Cilia – Microscopic hairs on the surface cells of the mucous membrane that move back and forth at all times.

• Mouth - The mouth is the secondary exterior opening for the respiratory system.
- Also referred to as the oral cavity.
• Throat or Pharynx –  it works as the connecting tube between the nasal cavity and larynx, as well as
the oral cavity and esophagus
• Adenoids and Tonsils – Made up of special tissues that normally help protect the body against infection.
• Adenoids – Embedded in the walls between the back of the nasal passages and throat.

• Tonsils – Lie in the side walls near the junction of the mouth and throat,

Continuation…
 PARTS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

• Trachea – A tube that is about 10cm in length and 2.5 cm in diameter.

- Lined by a mucous membrane that bears cells with cilia.

• Glottis – A slit-like opening of the trachea.
• Epiglottis – A flap composed of cartilage that covers the glottis.

- Prevents swallowed food from entering the lower respiratory track.

- Changes to an inverted position at the end of swallowing.
• Larynx – Also called as the voice box.
- the organ that contains the vocal folds that allow your voice to be heard
• Lungs – A large, elastic, spongy sack.
• Pleura – A protective double-layered membrane that separates the lungs from the chest wall.

Continuation…
 PARTS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

• Bronchi – Two large hollow branches.

- Main passageways of the lungs.
• Bronchioles – Smaller bronchial tubes.

• Alveoli – Also called as air sacs

- Thin-walled bulbs that are the product of branched out bronchioles.

- Surrounded by a network of capillaries.
• Diaphragm – A dome-shaped muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen.

- Contracts and moves downwards to give mo space to the lungs, during inhalation.

- Returns to its normal shape and position during exhalation.

Next: Pressure Change in

Respiratory System
 PRESSURE CHANGE IN RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
• Inhalation – The act of taking air.
• Causes the rib cage to move upward and outward.
• Causes the diaphragm to contact, move downward and flattens.
• Enlarge the chest cavity and lower air pressure in the lungs.

• Exhalation – The act of breathing out air.

• The set of rib muscles that contracts during inhalation relaxes.
• The set of rib muscles that relaxes during inhalation contracts.
• The rib cage moves downward and towards the center of the body,
• The diaphragm relaxes and moves upward to its former arched position.
• Causes the chest cavity to become smaller.
• The lungs still contain a volume of air called residual air.
• Internal Respiration
• We inhale 80% nitrogen and 20% oxygen.
• Oxygen diffuses into the capillaries and combines with hemoglobin.
• Oxygen separates from the blood and moves into the cell. Next: Common
• Cells give off waste in carbon dioxide or water. Respiratory Problems
 COMMON RESPIRATORY PROBLEMS

• Asthma – A respiratory disease in which certain airways in the lungs could be

constricted, due to sensitivity to a stimulus, making the passage of air more
difficult.
• Acute Asthma Attacks – Often occurs after exposure to an allergen.

• Pneumonia – An infection of the alveoli, secondary to aspiration of bacterial

pathogens into the lower respiratory tract.
- Caused by the bacteria Streptococcus Pneumoniae.
• Emphysema – A progressive condition where the lung tissues lose their
elasticity, affecting the efficiency of gas exchange between the blood and lungs.
- Distortion of the shape of the alveoli.
- The free radicals that damage the alveolar walls are from chronic smoking.

Continuation…
 COMMON RESPIRATORY PROBLEMS

• Lung Cancer – A common type of malignancy that often presents itself in a subtle manner.

• Malignant – Cancerous tumor.

• Carbon Monoxide Poisoning – Results from inhalation of gas.

- Results to asphyxiation (suffocation) when carbon monoxide combines with hemoglobin.
• Tuberculosis – Caused by a bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
- Treated for at least six months using multiple drug combinations to acoid drug-resistant strains.
• Common cold – One of the most common upper respiratory tract infections usually secondary to viral

pathogens.

- This condition resolves itself and the patient eventually gets well.

• Irritation of respiratory organs – Results from inhalation of polluted air.

- May cause allergic attacks and other respiratory diseases.
END OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Proceed to
Go back to Heredity,
Inheritance and
Contents Variation
 HEREDITY, INHERITANCE AND VARIATION
• Somatic cells – Cells in the body of multi-cellular organisms that play no direct part in fertilization.
• Ex. Brain cells, blood cells, and muscle cells.
• Has 46 chromosomes, or diploid (2n)

• Sex cells – Cells that are directly involved in fertilization.

• Egg and sperm.
• Immature sex cells have 46 chromosomes.
• Only has 23 chromosomes, or haploid (n)
• Zygote – The result of fertilization.
- Contains a full set of chromosomes.

• Trait – A distinguishing feature or character incorporated in a gene.

• Gene – A segment of DNA that codes for a particular trait.

• DNA – Located in the chromosomes.

- Deoxyribonucleic acid

• Genotype – All the genes present in the cells of an organism.

• Phenotype – The physical expression of Genotypes.

• Gregor Mendel – The Father of Modern Genetics.

• He performed experiments using garden pea plants that led him to formulate his laws of inheritance.
Next: Sex
• His laws were rediscovered in 1900 when various scientists independently achieved results identical to his.
Determination
 SEX DETERMINATION

• Determined by the genes that lie in the sex chromosomes.

• Combinations happen as a matter of chance.
• Female – Has two sex chromosomes of the same kind (X chromosome)
• XX chromosomes.
• Male – Has an X chromosome and a Y chromosome.
• XY chromosomes.
• Y chromosome – Shorter than the X chromosome.
• Gametogenesis – A process that converts immature sex cells into mature sex cells.
• Each sex cell formed after the process contains only one set of chromosomes.
• Each mature egg cell only has one X chromosome.
• Some mature sperm cells have only the X chromosome and some have the Y chromosome.

Next: Non-Medellian
Inheritance
 NON-MEDELLIAN INHERITANCE
• Incomplete Dominance – The appearance of a certain trait can be a mixture of contrasting characters of pure bred
•  
parents.
- The combination will result to a blended trait that does not resemble the pure trait of either parent.
Example:
• Red rose and White rose
• Genes of parents: RR x WW
Genes of offspring: 4 RW
Result: Pink rose

• Codominance – A genetic situation where both alleles in the heterozygote are fully expressed.
Example
• Purebred red-colored coat and Purebred white-colored coat
• Genes of parents:
• Genes of offspring:

• Multiple Alleles – Other traits may be controlled by more than a single pair of alleles.
- An example is the blood types, where A and B are dominant and O is recessive. Therefore a person who inherits types
O and B alleles will have a type B blood.
• Polygenic Traits (continuous traits) – Some traits may be controlled by two or more genes, with each effect providing a
small but additional effect.
Example. Weight, height, body built, and skin color.

Continuation…
 NON-MEDELLIAN INHERITANCE

•  Sex-linked Traits – Controlled by the genes found in the sex chromosomes.

• Males are affected more often than females because males have only one X
chromosome while females have two that can mask the effect of the trait.

• An example is colorblindness and hemophilia.

let the normal X chromosome be
let the carrier X chromosome be
let the normal Y chromosome be Y
– Unaffected daughter carrier daughter
Unaffected son carrier son

Continuation
…
 NON-MEDELLIAN INHERITANCE

• Selective Breeding – The intentional mating of two organisms in an

attempt to either produce offspring with desirable traits or eliminate
undesirable ones.
• Has two techniques:
• Inbreeding (Pure breeding) – The union of two individuals having similar traits.
- May result to a higher risk of certain genetic diseases.
• Hybridization (cross-fertilization) – The union of two individuals with contrasting traits.
 END OF THE
PRESENTATION

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