Matter: Properties &

Change
Chapter 3
 Matter
Matter anything that has mass and
takes up space
Everything around us

Chemistry the study of matter and the

changes it undergoes
 Four States of Matter
Solids
particles vibrate but cant move
around
fixed shape
fixed volume
incompressible
 Four States of Matter
Liquids
particles can move around
but are still close
together
variable shape (shape of
container)
fixed volume
virtually incompressible
 Four States of Matter
Gases
particles can separate and move
throughout container
variable shape
variable volume
easily compressed
vapor = gaseous state of a
substance that is a liquid or
solid at room temperature
 Four States of Matter
Plasma
particles collide with enough energy to
break into charged particles (+/-)
gas-like, variable
shape & volume
stars, fluorescent
light bulbs
 Physical Properties
Physical Property
can be observed without changing the
identity of the substance
 Physical Properties
Physical properties can be described as
one of 2 types:
Extensive Property
depends on the amount of matter present
(example: length)

Intensive Property
depends on the identity of substance, not
the amount (example: density)
 Chemical Properties
Chemical Property
describes the ability of a substance to
undergo changes in identity
Physical vs. Chemical Properties

Examples:
melting point physical
flammable chemical
density physical
magnetic physical
tarnishes in air chemical
 Physical Changes
Physical Change
changes the form of a substance without
changing its identity
properties remain the same

Examples: cutting a sheet of paper,

all phase changes
 Phase Changes
Evaporation = Liquid Gas

Condensation = Gas Liquid

Melting = Solid Liquid

Freezing = Liquid Solid

Sublimation = Solid Gas

Deposition = Gas Solid

 Chemical Changes
Process that involves one or more
substances changing into a new
substance
Commonly referred to as a chemical
reaction
New substances have different
compositions and properties than the
original substances
 Chemical Changes
Signs of a Chemical Change
change in color or odor
formation of a gas
formation of a precipitate (solid)
change in temperature
 Physical vs. Chemical Changes

Examples:
rusting iron chemical
dissolving in water physical
burning a log chemical
melting ice physical
grinding spices physical
 Law of Conservation of Mass
Although chemical changes occur,
mass is neither created nor destroyed
in a chemical reaction
Mass of reactants equals mass of
products
massreactants = massproducts

A + B C
 Conservation of Mass
In an experiment, 10.00 g of red mercury (II) oxide
powder is placed in an open flask and heated until it is
converted to liquid mercury and oxygen gas. The liquid
mercury has a mass of 9.26 g. What is the mass of
the oxygen formed in the reaction?

GIVEN: WORK:
Mercury (II) oxide
mercury + oxygen 10.00 g = 9.86 g + moxygen
Mercury
mmercury(II) (II) goxide
mercury + oxygen
oxide = 10.00

mmercury = 9.86 g moxygen = (10.00 g 9.86 g)

Mmercury(II) oxide = 10.00 g
moxygen = ?
Mmercury = 9.26 moxygen = 0.74 g
Moxygen = ?
massreactants = massproducts
 Matter Flowchart

MATTER
yes no
Can it be physically
separated?

MIXTURE PURE SUBSTANCE

yes Is the composition no yes Can it be chemically no

uniform? decomposed?

Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Mixture Mixture Compound Element
(solution)
 Matter Flowchart
Examples:
graphite element
pepper heterogeneous mixture
sugar (sucrose) compound
paint heterogeneous mixture
soda solution
 Pure Substances
Element
composed of identical atoms
Example: copper wire, aluminum foil
 Pure Substances
Compound
composed of 2 or more
elements in a fixed ratio
properties differ from those
of individual elements
Example: table salt (NaCl)
 Mixtures
Variable combination of 2 or more pure
substances.

Heterogeneous Homogeneous
 Mixtures
Solution
homogeneous
very small particles
particles dont settle
Example: rubbing alcohol
 Mixtures

Heterogeneous
medium-sized to
large-sized
particles
particles may or
may not settle
Example: milk,
fresh-squeezed
lemonade
 Mixtures
Examples: Answers:
tea Solution
muddy water Heterogeneous

fog Heterogeneous

NaCl & H2O Solution

Heterogeneous
Italian salad dressing
 Separating Mixtures
Substances in a mixture are
physically combined, so processes
bases on differences in physical
properties are used to separate
components
Numerous techniques have been
developed to separate mixtures to
study components
Filtration
Distillation
Sublimation
Crystallization
Chromatography
 Filtration
Used to separate
heterogeneous mixtures
composed of solids and
liquids
Uses a porous barrier to
separate the solid from the
liquid
Liquid passes through leaving
the solid in the filter paper
 Distillation
Used to
separate
homogeneous
mixtures
Based on
differences in
boiling points of
substances
involved
 Sublimation
Process during which a solid changes
to a vapor without melting
Can be used to separate two solids
present in a mixture when one of the
solids sublimates but the other does
not
 Crystallization
Separation technique
that results in the
formation of pure solid
particles from a
solution containing the
dissolved substance
As one substance
evaporates, the
dissolved substance
comes out of solution
and collects as crystals
Produces highly pure
solids
Rocky candy is an
example of this
 Chromatography
Separates components of a
mixture based on ability of each
component to be drawn across the
surface of another material
Mixture is usually liquid and is
usually drawn across
chromatography paper
Separation occurs because various
components travel at different
rates
Components with strongest
attraction for paper travel the
slowest; components with strongest
attraction for the liquid travel the
fastest
 Separation of a Compound
The Electrolysis of Water
Compounds must be
separated by
chemical means.

With the application

of electricity, water
can be separated into
its elements

Reactant Products
Water Hydrogen + Oxygen
2 H2O 2 H2 + O2