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Chemistry Chapter 2: Matter Basics

This chemistry chapter discusses the properties and types of matter, including extensive and intensive properties, physical and chemical changes, elements and compounds, and chemical reactions. It defines key terms like substance, mixture, element, compound, reactant and product. The chapter also covers topics such as states of matter, physical and chemical properties, separating mixtures, conservation of mass in chemical reactions, and using symbols and formulas to represent substances.

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alchemy1987
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Topics covered

  • Compounds,
  • Physical vs Chemical Changes,
  • Research in Chemistry,
  • Matter Characteristics,
  • Chemical Representation,
  • Chemical Symbols,
  • Properties of Compounds,
  • Precipitate Formation,
  • Chemical Change Examples,
  • Liquid
108 views16 pages

Chemistry Chapter 2: Matter Basics

This chemistry chapter discusses the properties and types of matter, including extensive and intensive properties, physical and chemical changes, elements and compounds, and chemical reactions. It defines key terms like substance, mixture, element, compound, reactant and product. The chapter also covers topics such as states of matter, physical and chemical properties, separating mixtures, conservation of mass in chemical reactions, and using symbols and formulas to represent substances.

Uploaded by

alchemy1987
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Topics covered

  • Compounds,
  • Physical vs Chemical Changes,
  • Research in Chemistry,
  • Matter Characteristics,
  • Chemical Representation,
  • Chemical Symbols,
  • Properties of Compounds,
  • Precipitate Formation,
  • Chemical Change Examples,
  • Liquid

Chemistry Chapter 2:

Matter and Change


2.1 Properties of Matter
• Properties used to describe matter can be
extensive or intensive:
– Extensive – Depends on the amount of matter in a
sample. Examples: mass and volume
– Intensive – Depends on the type of matter in a
sample, not the amount of matter. Examples:
Hardness or texture.
Identifying Substances
• Substance – matter that has a uniform and
definite composition
– Every sample of a given substance has identical
intensive properties because every sample will
have same composition
• Physical property – quality or condition of a
substance that can be observed or measured
without changing the substance’s composition
Identifying Substances
• Physical properties can be used to identify
substances.
• Table 2.1 on page 40:
– What is a solid (at room temperature) yellow
substance that melts at 115oC and boils at 445oC?
States of Matter
• Solid
– Definite shape and volume, almost incompressible
• Liquid
– Indefinite shape, flows, definite volume, almost
incompressible, expand slightly when heated
• Gas
– takes shape and volume of container. Vapor term
used to describe gaseous state of substance that is
generally a liquid or solid at room temp (water
vapor)
Physical Changes
• During physical change, some properties of a
material change, but the composition does
not. Examples: Melting, freezing, boiling,
condensing.
– Can be reversible (melting or boiling) or
irreversible (cutting hair, cracking an egg)
2.2 Mixtures
• Mixture – physical blend of two or more
components
• Heterogeneous – composition not uniform
throughout chicken noodle soup, pizza
• Homogeneous – composition is uniform.
Another name is solution. Many are liquids,
some gases (air) and some solids (steel –
mixture of iron, chromium, and nickel)
Separating Mixtures
• Differences in physical properties can be used
to separate mixtures
Olive oil and vinegar – could decant, or
freeze until oil turns to solid
• Filtration – separate solid from liquid
• Distillation – liquid boiled to produce vapor
which is condensed back to liquid
2.3 Elements and Compounds
• Element – simplest form of matter that has a
unique set of properties
• Compound – substance that contains two or
more elements in a fixed proportion C3H8 is
propane and CH4 is methane
• Compounds can be broken down into simpler
substances by chemical means, but elements
cannot.
Breaking Down Compounds
• Need chemical changes – produces matter
with a different composition than original
matter. Heating sugar is example
heat

Sugar carbon(s) + water(g)


Properties of Compounds
• Generally, properties of compounds are
different than those of their component
elements.
• Water is an example: H and O are gases at
room temp while H2O is a liquid
Distinguishing Substances and Mixtures

Variable Definite
composition composition
Symbols and Formulas
• Chemists use symbols and formulas to
represent elements and compounds
• First letter of chemical symbol always
capitalized. When second letter is used, it is
lowercase.

NaCl C6H12O6
2.4 Chemical Reactions
• Reactant – substance present at start of
reaction
• Product – substance produced in a reaction

• Clues to a chemical change: transfer of


energy, change in color, production of a gas,
formation of a precipitate.
Conservation of Mass
• During any chemical reaction, the mass of the
products is always equal to the mass of the
reactants.

• Law of Conservation of Mass – in any physical


change or chemical reaction, mass is
conserved.
Chapter 2 Problems
• 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 14, 20, 21, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29,
30, 32, 34, 35, 40, 42, 43, 46, 49, 50, 54, 56,
60, 61, 62, 63, 66, 67, 69, 72, 76, 77, 80

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