ECE-MATH 313

Vector Analysis
LECTURE 2: VECTOR ALGEBRA AND VECTOR FIELDS
1ST TERM, AY 2017-2018

ENGR. HAROLD ALEXIS A. LAO

ENGR. JOSYL B. ROCAMORA, M.SC.
 Vector Addition: Mathematical

If 𝐴 = 𝐴𝑥 a𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦 a𝑦 + 𝐴𝑧 a𝑧 and 𝐵 = 𝐵𝑥 a𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 a𝑦 + 𝐵𝑧 a𝑧 , the
resultant (or sum) of the two vectors can be expressed as:

𝑅 = 𝑅𝑥 a𝑥 + 𝑅𝑦 a𝑦 + 𝑅𝑧 a𝑧
Where
𝑅𝑥 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥
𝑅𝑦 = 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐵𝑦
𝑅𝑧 = 𝐴𝑧 + 𝐵𝑧
 Example

1. What is the sum of the two vectors below?

𝐴 = a𝑦 + 5a𝑧
𝐵 = −2a𝑥 + 2a𝑦 + 2a𝑧
2. What is the sum of the three vectors below?
𝐴 = −3a𝑥 − 3a𝑦 − a𝑧
𝐵 = 5a𝑥 + 2a𝑦 − 5a𝑧
𝐶 = −a𝑥 + 6a𝑦 + 4a𝑧
 Vector Subtraction: Mathematical

Vector subtraction is done by reversing the sign of the second

vector then adding the two vectors:

𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝐴 + −𝐵
Example

Given the two vectors below, what is 𝐴 − 𝐵?

𝐴 = −2a𝑥 + a𝑦 − 3a𝑧
𝐵 = 4a𝑥 − 3a𝑦 + 7a𝑧
 Vector Addition: Triangle Law
 If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are any two vectors, the initial point of 𝐵 is placed
on the terminal point of 𝐴
 The vector 𝑅 (called sum or resultant) is drawn from the initial
point of 𝐴 to the terminal point of 𝐵

𝐴
Vector Addition: Parallelogram Law
 If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are any two vectors, the initial point of 𝐵 is placed
on the initial point of 𝐴
 The vector 𝑅 (called sum or resultant) is the diagonal formed
by 𝐴 and 𝐵 drawn from the common initial point

𝐴
Vector Addition
 The sum of three or more vectors is obtained by
constructing a polygon that has the given vectors as
consecutive sides
 The sum is the vector drawn from the initial point of the first
vector to the terminal point of the last
𝐷

𝐶
𝐴 𝐵
Vector Subtraction: Graphical

𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝐴 + −𝐵

𝐴
𝐴−𝐵 −𝐵
Scalar Multiplication
If 𝐴 = 𝐴𝑥 a𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦 a𝑦 + 𝐴𝑧 a𝑧 is a vector, and 𝑚 is a scalar, the
product 𝐵 = 𝑚𝐴 can be expressed as

𝐵 = 𝑚𝐴 = 𝑚𝐴𝑥 a𝑥 + 𝑚𝐴𝑦 a𝑦 + 𝑚𝐴𝑧 a𝑧

 The magnitude of the vector changes (unless the scalar is

equal to 1)
 The direction does not change if the scalar is positive
Scalar Division
Division of a vector by a scalar is simply multiplying that
vector by the reciprocal of the scalar.

𝐴 1 𝐴𝑥 𝐴𝑦 𝐴𝑧
= 𝐴= a𝑥 + a𝑦 + a𝑧
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
Example

Given 𝐴 = 2a𝑥 + 3a𝑦 − 5a𝑧 and 𝑚 = 5,

1. What is 𝑚𝐴?
𝐴
2. What is ?
𝑚
 Equal Vectors
 Two vectors are equal if their difference is zero
 Therefore, both vectors have the same magnitude and
direction

𝐴 = 𝐵 𝑖𝑓 𝐴 − 𝐵 = 0

𝐴 = 𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 a𝐴 = a𝐵
Laws of Vector Algebra
 Commutative law
𝐴+𝐵 =𝐵+𝐴
 Associative law (addition)
𝐴+ 𝐵+𝐶 = 𝐴+𝐵 +𝐶
 Associative law (scalar multiplication)
𝑚 𝑛𝐴 = 𝑚𝑛 𝐴 = 𝑛 𝑚𝐴
 Distributive law
𝑚 + 𝑛 𝐴 = 𝑚 𝐴 + 𝑛𝐴
𝑚 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝑚𝐴 + 𝑚𝐵
𝑚 + 𝑛 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝑚𝐴 + 𝑚𝐵 + 𝑛𝐴 + 𝑛𝐵
 Example

Given the two vectors below,

𝐴 = 12a𝑥 − 4a𝑦 + 10a𝑧
𝐵 = 3a𝑥 + 7a𝑦 − 12a𝑧
1. What is 2𝐴 + 𝐵?
2. What is 3 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴 − 𝐵 ?
 Example

Given the two vectors below,

𝐴 = 3a𝑥 + a𝑦 + 10a𝑧
𝐵 = −12a𝑧

What is 𝐴 + 𝐵 a𝐴 + a𝐵 ?
 Vector Field
 A rule associating each point (𝑥, 𝑦) or (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) in a region of
vector 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) or 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧), respectively
 Basically a vector-valued function
 Describes the different vectors in various points in space
 Vector Field in 2D RCS
Vector field is represented in 2D RCS as follows:

𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝐹𝑥 𝑥, 𝑦 a𝑥 + 𝐹𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦)a𝑦

Example:
2
𝑦
𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 a𝑥 + 𝑥 + a𝑦
3
 Example

Given the vector field expressed in 2D RCS,

2
𝑦
𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 a𝑥 + 𝑥 + a𝑦
3

1. Evaluate 𝐹 at point 𝑃 1,2 .

2. Determine a unit vector in the direction of 𝐹 at 𝑃.
3. What are the vectors found at the points (1,1), (2,1) and
(2,2)?
4. Plot all four vectors
Example

Figure
generated
using Matlab
Vector Field at Several Integer
Points

Figure
generated
using Matlab
 Vector Field in 3D RCS
Vector field is represented in 3D RCS as follows:

𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝐹𝑥 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 a𝑥 + 𝐹𝑦 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 a𝑦 + 𝐹𝑧 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)a𝑧

Example:
2
𝑦
𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 1 a𝑥 + 𝑥 + a𝑦 + (𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧)a𝑧
3
 Example

Given the vector field expressed in 3D RCS,

2
𝑦
𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 1 a𝑥 + 𝑥 + a𝑦 + (𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧)a𝑧
3

1. Evaluate 𝐹 at point 𝑃 1,1,1 .

2. Determine a unit vector in the direction of 𝐹 at 𝑃.
Example

Figure
generated
using Matlab
Problem Set #2
 Problem #1
Given the figure of vectors. Answer the
following questions. All answers must be in
terms of vectors. 𝐴

1. Which vector is equal to vector 𝐵? 𝐷

2. Write vector 𝐶 in terms of vectors 𝐹 and 𝐴. 𝐵

3. What is the result of adding vectors 𝐶, 𝐷 and

𝐸? 𝐹 𝐶
𝐻 𝐸
4. What is the result of 𝐴 − 𝐶 − 𝐺?
5. Write vector 𝐸 in terms of vectors 𝐶 and 𝐷. 𝐺
6. What is the result of adding vectors 𝐹 and 𝐻?

Ans. 1. 𝐺, 2. 𝐶 = 𝐹 + 𝐴, 3. 0, 4. 𝐻, 5. 𝐸 = −𝐷 − 𝐶, 6. −𝐺
 Problem #2
Let 𝐹 = 2a𝑥 − 6a𝑦 + 10a𝑧 and 𝐺 = a𝑥 + 𝐺𝑦 a𝑦 + 5a𝑧 . If both vectors
have the same unit vector, determine 𝐺𝑦 .

Ans. -3
 Problem #3
Given the vectors
𝑀 = −10a𝑥 + 4a𝑦 − 8a𝑧 and 𝑁 = 8a𝑥 + 7a𝑦 − 2a𝑧
Find:
1. The direction of −𝑀 + 2𝑁.
2. The magnitude of 5a𝑥 + 𝑁 − 3𝑀.
3. The vector resulting from 2 𝑀 𝑁 𝑀 + 𝑁 .

Ans. 1. 0.9239a𝑥 + 0.3553a𝑦 + 0.1421a𝑧 , 2. 48.5592, 3. −580.4825a𝑥 + 3192.6541a𝑦 − 2902.4128a𝑧

 Problem #3
Given the vectors
𝑀 = −10a𝑥 + 4a𝑦 − 8a𝑧 and 𝑁 = 8a𝑥 + 7a𝑦 − 2a𝑧
Find:
1. The direction of −𝑀 + 2𝑁.
2. The magnitude of 5a𝑥 + 𝑁 − 3𝑀.
3. The vector resulting from 2 𝑀 𝑁 𝑀 + 𝑁 .

Ans. 1. 0.9239a𝑥 + 0.3553a𝑦 + 0.1421a𝑧 , 2. 48.5592, 3. −580.4825a𝑥 + 3192.6541a𝑦 − 2902.4128a𝑧

 Problem #4
The vector from the origin to point A is given as (6, −2, −4) and
the unit vector directed from the origin towards point B is
(2 3 , −2 3 , 1 3). If points A and B are ten units apart, find the
coordinates of point B.

Ans. 𝐵(7.8307, −7.8307,3.9153)

 Problem #5
A vector is specified as
𝐺 = 24𝑥𝑦a𝑥 + 12 𝑥 2 + 2 a𝑦 + 18𝑧 2 a𝑧
Given two points 𝑃(1,2, −1) and 𝑄(−2,1,3), find:
1. 𝐺 at 𝑃

2. The direction of 𝐺 at 𝑂
3. A unit vector directed from 𝑄 to 𝑃
4. The equation of the surface on which 𝐺 = 60
Ans. 1. 48a𝑥 + 36a𝑦 + 18a𝑧 , 2. −0.2613a𝑥 + 0.3920a𝑦 + 0.8821a𝑧 , 3. 0.5883a𝑥 + 0.1961a𝑦 − 0.7844a𝑧 , 4. 16𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 4 + 16𝑥 2 + 16 + 9𝑧 4 = 100
 Problem #6
Given two vectors
𝐴 = −a𝑥 − 3a𝑦 − 4a𝑧
𝐵 = 2a𝑥 + 2a𝑦 + 2a𝑧
And a point 𝐶(1,3,4), find
1. 𝑅𝐴𝐵
2. 𝐴
3. a𝐴
4. a𝐴𝐵
5. Unit vector from 𝐶 to 𝐴
Ans. 1. 3a𝑥 + 5a𝑦 + 6a𝑧 , 2. 26 or 5.0990 3. −0.1961a𝑥 − 0.5883a𝑦 − 0.7845a𝑧 , 4.0.3586a𝑥 + 0.5976a𝑦 + 0.7171a𝑧 , 5. −0.1961a𝑥 − 0.5883a𝑦 − 0.7845a𝑧
 Problem #7
200
Given the vector field 𝐹 = 0.4 𝑦 − 2𝑥 a𝑥 − 2 2 2 a𝑧 :
𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧

1. Evaluate 𝐹 at 𝑃(−4,3,5).
2. Find the direction of 𝐹 at 𝑃.
3. Describe the locus of all points for which 𝐹𝑥 = 1.
4. Describe the locus of all points for which |𝐹𝑧 | = 2.

Ans. 1. 5.9464, 2. 0.7399a𝑥 − 0.6727a𝑧 , 3. −2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2.5 = 0 (𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒), 4. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 100 (𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒)

 Problem #8
Answer the following and explain:
1. Is it possible to have 𝐴 < 0?
2. If 𝐴 − 𝐵 = 0, is it necessarily true that 𝐴 = 𝐵?
3. If 𝐴 = 𝐵 , is it necessarily true that 𝐴 = 𝐵?

Ans. 1. NO, 2. YES, 3. NO