MIT ADTU’s

MIT School of Engineering, Loni Kalbhor, Pune

Unit II: Vector Calculus

Session 1: Revision of vector algebra

Vector Algebra
1) Scalar: - A physical quantity which has only magnitude is called as Scalar.
Ex.: - length, time, mass, temperature, density, potential, weight etc.
2) Vector: - A physical quantity which has magnitude as well as direction is called as Vector.
Ex.: - velocity, displacement, acceleration etc.
̅ where
3) Vector in space: Any vector in the space is expressed as 𝑎̅ = 𝑎1 𝑖̅ + 𝑎2 𝑗̅ + 𝑎3 𝑘
𝑖̅, 𝑗̅, 𝑘̅ are unit vectors along X, Y, Z axis respectively.
4) Position vector: The vector from origin to the point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) is referred as position vector
of P denoted by 𝑂𝑃 ̅̅̅̅ = 𝑟̅ = 𝑥 𝑖̅ + 𝑦 𝑗̅ + 𝑧 𝑘̅ .

Remark
1) The vector joining the points 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ), 𝑄(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) is
̅̅̅̅ = (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝑖̅ + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝑗̅ + (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 ) 𝑘̅
𝑃𝑄
𝑥−𝑥 𝑦−𝑦 𝑧−𝑧
2) A vector along line 𝑎 1 = 𝑏 1 = 𝑐 1 is 𝑎 𝑖̅ + 𝑏 𝑗̅ + 𝑐 𝑘̅ .
̅ is given
5) Modulus (amplitude or magnitude): The modulus of vector 𝑟̅ = 𝑥 𝑖̅ + 𝑦 𝑗̅ + 𝑧 𝑘
by
𝑟 = |𝑟̅ | = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 .
𝑎̅
6) Unit Vector: The unit vector of 𝑎̅ is denoted by 𝑎̂ is defined as 𝑎̂ = . The modulus of
|𝑎̅|
unit vector is 1.
7) Dot Product (scalar product): - The dot product of two vectors is a scalar and is defined as
𝑎 ⋅ 𝑏 = |𝑎||𝑏| 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 Where 𝜃 is the angle between 𝑎̅ & 𝑏̅.

Remark
1) The dot product is commutative, that means 𝑎̅ ∙ 𝑏̅ = 𝑏̅ ∙ 𝑎̅.
2) The dot product is scalar.
3) If dot product 𝑎̅ ∙ 𝑏̅ = 0 the vectors are perpendicular to each other or we can say angle
between vectors 𝑎̅ & 𝑏̅ is 900 .
4) 𝑎̅ ∙ 𝑎̅ = |𝑎̅|2.
5) Standard results
𝑖̄ ⋅ 𝑖̄ = 𝑗̄ ⋅ 𝑗̄ = 𝑘̄ ⋅ 𝑘̄ = 1
𝑖̄ ⋅ 𝑗̄ = 𝑗̄ ⋅ 𝑘̄ = 𝑘̄ ⋅ 𝑖̄ = 0
𝑗̄ ⋅ 𝑖̄ = 𝑘̄ ⋅ 𝑗̄ = 𝑖̄ ⋅ 𝑘̄ = 0

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 6) If 𝑎 = 𝑎1 𝑖̄ + 𝑎2 𝑗̄ + 𝑎3 𝑘̄ and 𝑏 = 𝑏1 𝑖̄ + 𝑏2 𝑗̄ + 𝑏3 𝑘̄ are two vectors in space then the dot
product is by formula
𝑎 ⋅ 𝑏 = (𝑎1 𝑖̄ + 𝑎2 𝑗̄ + 𝑎3 𝑘̄) ⋅ (𝑏1 𝑖̄ + 𝑏2 𝑗̄ + 𝑏3 𝑘̄) = 𝑎1 𝑏1 + 𝑎2 𝑏2 + 𝑎3 𝑏3
7) If 𝜃 an angle between vectors 𝑎̅ & 𝑏̅, the we can be find an angle 𝜃 by using formula
𝑎̅∙𝑏̅
𝜃 = cos −1 (|𝑎̅||𝑏̅|) .

8) Cross Product (vector product): - The cross product of two vectors is a vector and is defined
^
as 𝑎 × 𝑏 = |𝑎||𝑏| 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑛
^ ^
Where 𝑛 is the unit vector perpendicular to the plane of 𝑎̅ & 𝑏̅ such that 𝑎̅ , 𝑏̅ and 𝑛
follows right handed orientation.

Remark:
1) Cross product is not commutative ( 𝑎̅ × 𝑏̅ ≠ 𝑏̅ ∙ 𝑎̅ ) but (𝑎̅ × 𝑏̅) = −(𝑏̅ × 𝑎̅)
2) The cross product is vector.
3) Standard results
𝑖̄ × 𝑗̄ = 𝑘̄, 𝑗̄ × 𝑘̄ = 𝑖, 𝑘̄ × 𝑖̄ = 𝑗̄
𝑗̄ × 𝑖̄ = −𝑘̄, 𝑘̄ × 𝑗̄ = −𝑖̄, 𝑖̄ × 𝑘̄ = −𝑗̄
𝑖̄ × 𝑖̄ = 0, 𝑗̄ × 𝑗̄ = 0, 𝑘̄ × 𝑘̄ = 0
4) If 𝑎 = 𝑎1 𝑖̄ + 𝑎2 𝑗̄ + 𝑎3 𝑘̄ and 𝑏 = 𝑏1 𝑖̄ + 𝑏2 𝑗̄ + 𝑏3 𝑘̄ are two vectors in space the cross
product is given by formula
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝑎 × 𝑏 = |𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3 |
𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3
̅
5) If 𝑎̅ × 𝑏 = 0 then the vectors are parallel to each other or we can say angle between
vectors 𝑎̅ & 𝑏̅ is zero .
6) 𝑎̅ × 𝑎̅ = 0̅ .
𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3
9) Scalar Triple Product: - 𝑎 ⋅ (𝑏 × 𝑐) = (𝑎 × 𝑏) ⋅ 𝑐 = |𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 | = [𝑎𝑏𝑐]
𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3
Remark:
1) It is also called box product and denoted by [𝑎̅ 𝑏̅ 𝑐̅] .
2) 𝑎̅ ∙ (𝑏̅ × 𝑐̅) = 𝑏̅ ∙ (𝑐̅ × 𝑎̅) = 𝑐̅ ∙ (𝑎̅ × 𝑏̅). It is scalar.
3) If two vectors are equal (same or parallel) then STP is zero.
That mean 𝑎̅ ∙ (𝑏̅ × 𝑐̅) = 0 𝑖𝑓 𝑎̅ = 𝑏̅ .
4) If 𝑎̅, 𝑏̅, 𝑐̅ are adjacent sides of parallelepiped then the STP [𝑎̅ 𝑏̅ 𝑐̅] is volume of
parallelepiped.
10) Vector triple product: - 𝑎 × (𝑏 × 𝑐) = (𝑎 ⋅ 𝑐)𝑏 − (𝑎 ⋅ 𝑏)𝑐
Remark: To remember formula use 1̅ ∙ (2̅ × 3̅) = (1̅ ∙ 3̅)2̅ − (1̅ ∙ 2̅) 3̅ . It is vector.
11) Quadruple Products: - (𝑎 × 𝑏) ⋅ (𝑐 × 𝑑) = (𝑎 ⋅ 𝑐)(𝑏 ⋅ 𝑑) − (𝑎 ⋅ 𝑑)(𝑏 ⋅ 𝑐)

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Session 2: Vector Differentiation, Illustrations

1) Vector function: - If a vector r is a function of a scalar variable t, then we write r  F (t ) . If a

particle is moving along a curved path, then the position vector r is a function of the time
variable t. If the components of F (t ) along X, Y, Z axis are F1 (t ), F2 (t ), F3 (t ) respectively, then we
write vector F (t ) as ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐹(𝑡) = 𝐹1 (𝑡)𝑖̅ + 𝐹2 (𝑡)𝑗̅ + 𝐹3 (𝑡)𝑘̅

2) Differentiation of vectors
We have the vector function 𝑟 = 𝐹(𝑡). Let there be a change  r in r due to corresponding
change 𝛿𝑡 in 𝑡. Therefore 𝛿𝑟 = 𝐹(𝑡 + 𝛿𝑡) − 𝐹(𝑡). Thus the vector derivative can be defined as
𝒅𝒓 𝑭(𝒕+𝜹𝒕)−𝑭(𝒕)
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝜹𝒕→𝟎 [ ] when this limit exists it is called as the rate of change of 𝑟 w. r. t. t.
𝒅𝒕 𝜹𝒕

Remark:
1) If the vector is ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐹(𝑡) = 𝐹1 (𝑡) 𝑖̅ + 𝐹2 (𝑡) 𝑗̅ + 𝐹3 (𝑡) 𝑘̅ then its derivative is
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑑𝐹(𝑡) 𝑑𝐹1 (𝑡) 𝑑𝐹2 (𝑡) 𝑑𝐹3 (𝑡)
𝐹 ′ (𝑡) = 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑡 𝑖̅ + 𝑑𝑡 𝑗̅ + 𝑑𝑡 𝑘̅
= 𝐹1′ (𝑡)𝑖̅ + 𝐹2′ (𝑡)𝑗̅ + 𝐹3′ (𝑡)𝑘̅
̅ 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
2) For position vector 𝑟̅ = 𝑥 𝑖̅ + 𝑦 𝑗̅ + 𝑧 𝑘̅ the derivative is = 𝑖̅ + 𝑗̅ + 𝑘̅ .
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
3) If 𝑟̅ is a displacement vector of time t then the first derivative of vector 𝑟̅ that means
̅
𝑑𝑟
= 𝑣̅ is called velocity vector and second derivative of vector 𝑟̅ that means
𝑑𝑡
𝑑2 𝑟̅
= 𝑎̅ is called acceleration vector.
𝑑𝑡 2
4) If 𝑟̅ is a position vector defined on curved path in 3D space, then the first derivative of
̅
𝑑𝑟
vector 𝑟̅ that means 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑇̅ is called tangent vector.
5) The tangent and normal component of acceleration are
a) Tangent component: 𝑎 𝑇 = 𝑎̅ ∙ 𝑇̂
𝑣̅
b) Normal component: 𝑎𝑁 = |𝑎̅ × 𝑇̂| where 𝑇̂ = unit tangent vector.
|𝑣̅|

dr
3) Geometrical interpretation: The vector derivative is a vector in the direction of the
dt
tangent to the curve r  F (t ) at a point P(x, y, z) on it.

4) Physical interpretation: If a particle is moving along the curve r  F (t ) then the first
dr
derivative of vector 𝑟̅ that means represents velocity of a particle at P(x, y, z) and second
dt
d2r
derivative of vector 𝑟̅ that means represents acceleration of a particle at point P(x, y, z).
dt 2

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 Examples

Ex 1) If 𝑟̅ = 𝑥 𝑖̅ + 𝑦 𝑗̅ + 𝑧 𝑘̅ where𝑥 = 𝑡 2 , 𝑦 = 3𝑡 − 𝑡 3 , 𝑧 = 𝑡 − 5𝑡 2 . Find velocity and

acceleration vector at t = 2 and its magnitude.
Solution: We know that the velocity vector is derivative of 𝑟̅
̅ 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑣̅ = 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑡 𝑖̅ + 𝑑𝑡 𝑗̅ + 𝑑𝑡 𝑘̅
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
• 𝑣̅ = 𝑑𝑡 (𝑡 2 ) 𝑖̅ + 𝑑𝑡 (3𝑡 − 𝑡 3 ) 𝑗̅ + 𝑑𝑡 (𝑡 − 5𝑡 2 ) 𝑘̅
• 𝑣̅ = 2𝑡 𝑖̅ + (3 − 3𝑡 2 ) 𝑗̅ + (1 − 10𝑡) 𝑘̅
So, velocity at t = 2 is 𝑣̅ = 4 𝑖̅ − 9 𝑗̅ − 19 𝑘̅ and
Magnitude is ̅̅̅̅
|𝑣| = √42 + (−9)2 + (−19)2 = √458
̅
𝑑𝑣
The acceleration is 𝑎̅ = 𝑑𝑡
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
• 𝑎̅ = 𝑑𝑡 (2𝑡) 𝑖̅ + 𝑑𝑡 (3 − 3𝑡 2 ) 𝑗̅ + 𝑑𝑡 (1 − 10𝑡) 𝑘̅
• 𝑎̅ = 2 𝑖̅ + (−6𝑡) 𝑗̅ + (−10) 𝑘̅
̅
𝑑𝑣
So, acceleration at t = 2 is and 𝑎̅ = 𝑑𝑡 = 2 𝑖̅ − 12 𝑗̅ − 10 𝑘̅ and
̅̅̅̅ = √42 + (−12)2 + (−10)2 = √260 .
Magnitude is |𝑎|

Ex 2) A curve in space is defined by the equations x  t 2  1, y  4t  3, z  2t 2  6t. Find angle

between the tangents at t  1 and t  2.
Solution: Let the position vector on given cure is 𝑟 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘
dr
Therefore the tangent T   2t i  4 j  (4t  6)k .
dt
At time t = 1
𝑎 = 𝑇 = 2𝑖 + 4𝑗 − 2𝑘
And at t = 2
𝑏 = 𝑇 = 2𝑖 + 2𝑗 + 𝑘
Now by using formula of angle between two vectors
𝑎̅∙𝑏̅
𝜃 = cos −1 (|𝑎̅||𝑏̅|)
𝑎. 𝑏 = 5, |𝑎| = √6, |𝑏| = 3
5
𝜃 = cos −1 (3√6)

Exercise
1) A curve is given by equations x  t  1, y  4t  3 , z  2t 2  6t. Find angle between
2

tangents to the curve at t=1 and t = 2.

2) For the curve r  et i  log(t 2  1) j  tan t k find velocity and acceleration at t  0 .
dr
3) If r  0, then show that r has constant magnitude.
dt

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4) The position vector of a particle at time t is r  cos(t  1)i  sinh(t  1) j  mt 3 k. Find the
condition imposed on m by requiring that at time t  1, the acceleration is normal to the
position vector.
5) Find tangential and normal component of acceleration for a particle moving on curve
22 38
𝑥 = 𝑡 3 + 1, 𝑦 = 𝑡 2 , 𝑧 = 𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 1 . Answer 𝑎 𝑇 = , 𝑎𝑁 = √ 7 .
√14
Session 3: Gradient of a Scalar point function, Directional Derivatives

1) Scalar point function: If a scalar quantity depends for its value on its position in space then it
is called as a scalar point function. It is denoted by 𝜙(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧).
Ex. temperature, density, potential.

2) Vector point function: If a vector quantity depends for its value on its position in space then
it is called as the vector point function.
It is denoted by 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝐹1 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑖̅ + 𝐹2 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑗̅ + 𝐹3 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑘̅.
Ex. velocity, force.

3) Level surface: The surface drawn in space containing all those points where 𝜙 = 𝑐, where C
is a constant is called as a level surface.

4) The Del operator (  ): The vector differential operator denoted by  is called as Del vector
𝝏 𝝏 𝝏
and is given by 𝜵 = 𝒊 𝝏𝒙 + 𝒋 𝝏𝒚 + 𝒌 𝝏𝒛.
5) Gradient of a Scalar point function: -
When operator  operated on scalar point function  . we get a vector quantity and it is called
𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
gradient of 𝜙(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧). It is denoted by 𝛻𝜙 or Grad𝜙. It is defined as 𝛻𝜙 = 𝑖 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑗 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑘 𝜕𝑧
Remark:
1) Gradient ∇𝜙 is called normal vector to the surface 𝜙 = 𝑐 .
2) The maximum magnitude is |∇𝜙| .
3) The angle between two surfaces 𝜙 & 𝜓 means the angle between their normal say
̅̅̅
𝑁1 = ∇𝜙 & ̅𝑁 ̅̅2̅ = ∇𝜓 .
4) The gradient of scalar point function is a vector.

6) Physical interpretation of 𝜵𝝓
1. 𝛻𝜙 Represents maximum rate of change of 𝜙, which is along the outward drawn normal to the
level surface 𝜙 = 𝑐 where c is a constant.
𝜕𝜙
2. Represents rate of change of 𝜙 in any other direction and it is called as the directional
𝜕𝑟
derivative.
𝜕𝜙
3. 𝜕𝑛 Represents rate of change of 𝜙 along the direction of normal 𝑛̂.
𝜕𝜙
4. | 𝜕𝑛 |has maximum value among all directional derivatives.

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7) Properties of vector differential operator del (𝜵): -
a) (u  v)  u  v
b) (uv)  uv  vu
 u  vu  uv
c)   
v v2
d) f (u)  f ' (u)u
e) (au)  au
𝑓 ′ (𝑟) 2𝑓 ′ (𝑟)
f) Let f(r) be a function in r then ∇𝑓(𝑟) = 𝑟̅ and ∇2 𝑓(𝑟) = 𝑓 ′′ (𝑟) + .
𝑟 𝑟
1
g) ∇𝑟 = 𝑟 𝑟̅
h) ∇𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑛 𝑟 𝑛−2 𝑟̅

Illustration
𝑓 ′ (𝑟)
1. Prove ∇𝑓(𝑟) = 𝑟̅ .
𝑟
Solution:
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
𝛻𝑓(𝑟) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑟)𝛻𝑟 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑟) (𝑖 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑗 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑘 𝜕𝑧)
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
= 𝑓′(𝑟) (𝑖 𝑟 + 𝑗 𝑟 + 𝑘 𝑟)
𝑟
= 𝑓′(𝑟) 𝑟

2. Find  if   e r r 3 where 𝑟 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘.

Solution:
𝛻𝜙 = 𝛻(𝑒 −𝑟 𝑟 3 )
= 𝑒 −𝑟 𝛻𝑟 3 + 𝑟 3 𝛻𝑒 −𝑟
𝑟 𝑟
= 𝑒 −𝑟 (3𝑟 2 𝑟) + 𝑟 3 (−𝑒 −𝑟 𝑟)
= 𝑒 −𝑟 (3𝑟 − 𝑟 2 )𝑟.

8) Directional derivative of scalar point function: -

The rate of change of scalar point function 𝜙(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) at point P in the given direction is called
directional derivative of scalar point function 𝜙(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) at that point.

Let 𝜙(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) be a scalar point function then the directional derivative of 𝜙(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) at point
𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) in the direction of vector 𝑎 is given by
Directional derivative = ∇𝜙 ∙ 𝑎̂
where 𝑎̂ represents a unit vector along the vector 𝑎̅ .

Remark:
1. The directional derivative is a scalar or number.
2. The maximum magnitude is |∇𝜙| .

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Example
Ex 1) Find the directional derivative of  = x y 2 +yz 3 at (1, -1, 1)
a) Along the vector i̅ + 2j̅ + 2k̅
b) Towards the point (2, 1, -1)
c) Along the direction normal to the surface x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9 at (1, 2, 2).
𝑥−1 𝑦+1 𝑧−1
d) In the direction of line = = .
2 −1 −2
Solution:
∂ ∂ ∂
a) ∂x = y 2 , ∂y = 2xy + z 3 , ∂z = 3yz 2
∇∅ = y 2 i̅ + (2xy + z 3 )j̅ + 3yz 2 k̅
[  ](1, -1, 1) = i̅ − j̅ − 3k̅
i̅+2j̅+2k 1 ̅
̅a = i̅ + 2j̅ + 2k̅, â = = 3 (i̅ + 2j̅ + 2k̅)
√1+4+4
1 1 −7
∴ Directional derivative ∇∅ ∙ â = (i̅ − j̅ − 3k̅)  3 (i̅ + 2j̅ + 2k̅) = 3 [1 − 2 − 6] = 3

b) The vector a is the line along joining points (1, -1, 1) and (2, 1, -1).
a̅ = (2 − 1)i̅ + (1 + 1)j̅ + (−1 − 1)k̅ = (i̅ + 2j̅ − 2k̅)
i̅ + 2j̅ − 2k̅ 1
â = ̅
= (i̅ + 2j̅ − 2k)
√1 + 4 + 4 3
1 1 5
∴ Directional derivative ∇∅ ∙ â = (i̅ − j̅ − 3k̅)  (i̅ + 2j̅ − 2k̿) = (1 − 2 + 6) =
3 3 3

c) 𝜓 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 9
∴ [∇𝜓](1,2,2) = 2i̅ + 4j̅ + 4k̅ a̅ = 2i̅ + 4j̅ + 4k̅
2i ̅
̅ +4j̅+4k ̅
̅ +4j̅+4k
2i
â = =
√4+16+16 6
̅ +4j̅+4k 1
2i ̅ −14
∴ Directional derivative ∇∅ ∙ â = (i̅ − j̅ − 3k̅)  ( 6 ) 6 (2 − 4 − 12) = 6

𝑥−1 𝑦+1 𝑧−1

d) The vector a along the line = = is
2 −1 −2
̅
2i̅−j̅−2k 1
̅a = 2i̅ − j̅ − 2k̅, â = = 3 (2i̅ − j̅ − 2k̅)
√4+1+4
1 1 9
∴ Directional derivative ∇∅ ∙ â = (i̅ − j̅ − 3k̅)  3 (2i̅ − j̅ − 2k̿) = 3 (2 + 1 + 6) = 3 = 3

Ex 2 If the directional derivative of   axy  byz  cxz at (1, 1, 1) has magnitude 4 in a

direction parallel to x  axis, find the value of a, b, c.
Solution:
∂∅ ∂∅ ∂∅
= ay + cz , = ax + bz, = by + cz
∂x ∂y ∂z
∴ ∇∅ = i̅(ay + cz) + j̅(ax + bz) + k̅(by + cx)
and [∇∅](1,1,1) = (a + c)i̅ + (a + b)j̅ + (b + c)k̅
Now (a + c)i̅ + (a + b)j̅ + (b + c)k̅ = 4i̅ (given)

7
∴ a + c = 4, a + b = 0, b + c = 0 By solving a = 2, b = −2 , c = 2

Exercise
1) Find the directional derivative of   4 xz 3  3x 2 y 2 z at the point (2,1,2) along
a) Along the vector 2i̅ − 3j̅ + 6k̅
b) Towards the point (4, 2, -1)
c) Along the direction normal to the surface x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 16 at (1, 1, 2)
2) Find the directional derivative of 𝜑 = 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦𝑧 3 at (2, -1, 1)
1. along the line 2( x  2)  ( y  1)  ( z  1),
2. along the direction normal the surface 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 9 𝑎𝑡 (1, 2, 2)
3) Find the directional derivative of 𝜑 = 𝑒 2𝑥−𝑦−𝑧 at (1, 1, 1) in the direction of tangent to
the curve 𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑡 , 𝑦 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 + 1, 𝑧 = 𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 0

Session 4: Divergence and Curl of a Vector point function: -

Introduction: Two key concepts in vector calculus are divergence and curl. Curl is sometimes
also called circulation. The term divergence tells how a vector field changes its magnitude in the
neighborhood of a point, and curl tells with how its direction changes. Divergence and curl are
measures of how a vector field changes, so we know they’re going to involve derivatives.

9) Divergence of Vector point function: -

When a vector differential operator  operates on vector point function F it gives a scalar
quantity   F called divergence of F or div F .
As an illustration, consider 𝑟̅ = 𝑥𝑖̅ + 𝑦𝑗̅ + 𝑧𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∴  ∙ 𝑟̅ = (𝑖̅ + 𝑗̅ + 𝑘̅ ) ∙ (𝑥𝑖̅ + 𝑦𝑗̅ + 𝑧𝑘̅ )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= 𝜕𝑥 (𝑥) + 𝜕𝑦 (𝑦) + 𝜕𝑧 (𝑧) = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3
In general, if 𝐹̅ = 𝐹1 𝑖̅ + 𝐹2 𝑗̅ + 𝐹3 𝑘̅ then
𝜕𝐹1 𝜕𝐹2 𝜕𝐹3
𝛻 ∙ 𝐹̅ = + +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
Remark
1) If ∇ ∙ 𝐹̅ = 0 then the vector filed 𝐹̅ is called Solenoidal.
2) The divergence of vector is a scalar.

10) Curl of vector point function: -

When a vector differential operator  operates on vector point function F it gives a vector
quantities   F called curl of F or simply curl F .

If 𝐹̅ = 𝐹1 𝑖̅ + 𝐹2 𝑗̅ + 𝐹3 𝑘̅

8
 ̅ = 𝒊 (𝝏𝑭𝟑 − 𝝏𝑭𝟐 ) + 𝒋 (𝝏𝑭𝟏 − 𝝏𝑭𝟑 ) + 𝒌 (𝝏𝑭𝟐 − 𝝏𝑭𝟏 )
̅ = 𝜵×𝑭
𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒍𝑭 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚

Conveniently, this can also be expressed in the determinant form as

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕|
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹   = 𝛻 × 𝐹   =   || |
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝐹1 𝐹2 𝐹3
Remark:
1) The curl of vector is a vector.
2) For position vector 𝑟̅ , the 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝑟̅ = 0 that mean ∇ × 𝑟̅ = 0 .
3) Vector field F is called irrotational (or conservative field) if ∇ × 𝐹̅ = 0 .
In this case we can find scalar potential 𝜙 such that 𝐹̅ = ∇𝜙 = 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝜙 .
To find scalar potential 𝜙 use formula
𝜙(𝑥. 𝑦, 𝑧) = ∫𝑦,𝑧=𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐹1 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑥 ( 𝐹2 )𝑑𝑦 + ∫𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑥,𝑦(𝐹3 )𝑑𝑧 + 𝐾
𝑧=𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

Illustration
Ex 1) Show that the vector 𝐹 = (𝑥 + 𝑦𝑧)𝑖 + (𝑦 + 𝑥𝑧)𝑗 + (𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦)𝑘 is irrotational vector. Also
Find scalar potential 𝜙 such that 𝐹 = 𝛻𝜙.
Solution:
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝛻×𝐹 = | |
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑥 + 𝑦𝑧 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑧 𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦
= 𝑖(𝑥 − 𝑥) − 𝑗(𝑦 − 𝑦) + 𝑘(𝑧 − 𝑧) = 0
This shows that F is irrotational.
To find corresponding scalar 𝜙 such that 𝐹 = 𝛻𝜙,
By using formula
𝜙(𝑥. 𝑦, 𝑧) = ∫𝑦,𝑧=𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐹1 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑥 ( 𝐹2 )𝑑𝑦 + ∫𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑥,𝑦(𝐹3 )𝑑𝑧 + 𝐾
𝑧=𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝜙(𝑥. 𝑦, 𝑧) = ∫ (𝑥 + 𝑦𝑧)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ ( 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 + ∫ (𝑧)𝑑𝑧 + 𝐾

𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2
𝜙(𝑥. 𝑦, 𝑧) = + 𝑥𝑦𝑧 + + +𝐾
2 2 2

Ex 2) Show that 𝐹 = (6𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3 )𝑖 + (3𝑥 2 − 𝑧)𝑗 + (3𝑥𝑧 2 − 𝑦)𝑘 is irrotational. Also find scalar
potential 𝜙 such that 𝐹 = 𝛻𝜙.
Solution:
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝛻×𝐹 = | |
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
6𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3 2
3𝑥 − 𝑧 2
3𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦

9
= 𝑖(−1 − 1) − 𝑗(3𝑧 2 − 3𝑧 2 ) + 𝑘(6𝑥 − 6𝑥)  0
This shows that F is irrotational.
To find corresponding scalar 𝜙 such that 𝐹 = 𝛻𝜙,
By using formula
𝜙(𝑥. 𝑦, 𝑧) = ∫𝑦,𝑧=𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐹1 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑥 ( 𝐹2 )𝑑𝑦 + ∫𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑥,𝑦(𝐹3 )𝑑𝑧 + 𝐾
𝑧=𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝜙(𝑥. 𝑦, 𝑧) = ∫ (6𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3 )𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (−𝑧)𝑑𝑦 + ∫ (0)𝑑𝑧 + 𝐾

Integrating we get, 𝜙(𝑥. 𝑦, 𝑧) = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑧 3 𝑥 − 𝑦𝑧 + 𝐾

Exercise
1) Show that the vector field 𝐹 = (𝑦 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑧 2 )𝑖 + (2𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)𝑗 + 2𝑥𝑧𝑘 is conservative and
find scalar field such that F  
2) If the vector field 𝐹 = (𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧)𝑖 + (𝑏𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 𝑧)𝑗 + (4𝑥 + 𝑐𝑦 + 2𝑧)𝑘 is irrotational.
Find a, b, c and determine  such that F  

Session 5: Problem on vector identities

Illustrations
𝑑2 𝑓 2 𝑑𝑓 4
1. Show that a) 𝛻 2 𝑓(𝑟) = + 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 and b) 𝛻 4 𝑒 𝑟 = 𝑒 𝑟 + 𝑟 𝑒 𝑟
𝑑𝑟 2
Solution:
a) 𝛻 2 𝑓(𝑟) = 𝛻 ⋅ (𝛻𝑓(𝑟))
𝑓 ′ (𝑟) 𝑓 ′ (𝑟) 𝑓 ′ (𝑟)
=𝛻⋅{ 𝑟} = (𝛻 ⋅ 𝑟) + 𝛻 ( )⋅𝑟
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟

𝑓 ′ (𝑟) 𝑟𝑓 ′′ (𝑟)−𝑓 ′ (𝑟) 𝑟

= (3) + ( )𝑟 ⋅𝑟
𝑟 𝑟2

3𝑓 ′ (𝑟) 𝑟𝑓 ′′ (𝑟)−𝑓 ′ (𝑟)

= 𝑟
+( 𝑟3
) (𝑟 ⋅ 𝑟)
3𝑓 ′ (𝑟) 𝑟𝑓 ′′ (𝑟)−𝑓 ′ (𝑟)
= +( )
𝑟 𝑟
3𝑓 ′ (𝑟) 𝑓 ′ (𝑟)
= + 𝑓 ′′ (𝑟) −
𝑟 𝑟
𝑑2 𝑓 2 𝑑𝑓
 𝛻 2 𝑓(𝑟) = + 𝑟 𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑟 2

b) 𝛻 4 𝑒 𝑟 = 𝛻 2 𝛻 2 𝑒 𝑟
Let 𝑓(𝑟) = 𝑒 𝑟 ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑟) = 𝑒 𝑟 , 𝑓 ′′ (𝑟) = 𝑒 𝑟
2 2
∴ 𝛻 2 𝑒 𝑟 = 𝑟 𝑒 𝑟 + 𝑒 𝑟 = (𝑟 + 1) 𝑒 𝑟 by using (1)
2 2 2
Let 𝐹(𝑟) = 𝑒 𝑟 (𝑟 + 1) ⇒ 𝐹 ′ (𝑟) = 𝑒 𝑟 (𝑟 + 1) + 𝑒 𝑟 (− 𝑟 2 )
2 2 4 2
∴ 𝐹 ′′ (𝑟) = 𝑒 𝑟 (𝑟 + 1) + 𝑒 𝑟 (− 𝑟 2 ) + 𝑟 3 𝑒 𝑟 − 𝑟 2 𝑒 𝑟

10
 2 4 4
= 𝑒 𝑟 (𝑟 + 1 − 𝑟 2 + 𝑟 3 )
2 4 2 4
∴ 𝐹 ′ (𝑟) = 𝑟 2 𝑒 𝑟 + 𝑟 𝑒 𝑟 − 𝑟 3 𝑒 𝑟
𝑟
2
And 𝛻 4 𝑒 𝑟 = 𝛻 2 (𝛻 2 𝑒 𝑟 ) = 𝛻 2 {𝑒 𝑟 (𝑟 + 1)}
2 4 4 4 2 4
= {𝑟 + 1 − 𝑟 2 + 𝑟 3 + 𝑟 2 + 𝑟 − 𝑟 3 } 𝑒 𝑟 by using (1)
4
= 𝑟 𝑒𝑟 + 𝑒𝑟

11
 Vector Integration

Session 6: Line Integral

1) Line Integral
The integral of vector 𝐹̅ which is to be evaluated along a curve C (or a straight line joining the
points A & B) is called Line integral. It is denoted by
𝐵
𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙 = ∫𝐶 𝐹̅ ∙ 𝑑𝑟̅ 𝑜𝑟 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙 = ∫𝐴 𝐹̅ ∙ 𝑑𝑟̅ .

Let 𝐹̅ = 𝐹1 𝑖̅ + 𝐹2 𝑗̅ + 𝐹3 𝑘̅ , 𝑟̅ = 𝑥𝑖̅ + 𝑦 𝑗̅ + 𝑧 𝑘̅ , 𝑑𝑟̅ = 𝑑𝑥𝑖̅ + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗̅ + 𝑑𝑧 𝑘̅ then

𝐹̅ ∙ 𝑑𝑟̅ = (𝐹1 𝑖̅ + 𝐹2 𝑗̅ + 𝐹3 𝑘̅) ∙ (𝑑𝑥𝑖̅ + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗̅ + 𝑑𝑧 𝑘̅) = 𝐹1 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐹2 𝑑𝑦 + 𝐹3 𝑑𝑧 & line integral
formula is

𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒍 = ∫𝐶 𝐹̅ ∙ 𝑑𝑟̅ = ∫𝐶 𝐹1 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐹2 𝑑𝑦 + 𝐹3 𝑑𝑧

Remark
1. If the curve is line joining points, 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 )& 𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) then use the equation of line is
𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧1
=𝑦 =𝑧 = 𝑡 For limits t=0 to t=1.
𝑥2 −𝑥1 2 −𝑦1 2 −𝑧1

2. The application of line integral is work done if vector 𝐹̅ is a force vector.

3. If vector 𝐹̅ is irrotational vector, then there exists the scalar potential 𝜙 such that𝐹̅ = ∇𝜙. In
this case the work done (or line integral) is depends on only the end points. To find it use
𝐵 𝐵
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙 = ∫𝐴 𝐹̅ ∙ 𝑑𝑟̅ = ∫𝐴 ∇𝜙 ∙ 𝑑𝑟̅ = [𝜙]𝐵𝐴 = 𝜙(𝐵) − ∇𝜙(𝐴).
4. If work done by irrotational vector is zero, then vector is called conservative.

ILLUSTRATION
Ex 1: Find  F .dr for𝐹̄ = 3𝑥 2 𝑖 + (2𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦)𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘 along the straight line joining (0, 0, 0) and
C

(2, 1, 3).
Solution: -
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
The straight line joining (0, 0, 0) and (2, 1, 3) is given by 2 = 1 = 3 = 𝑡
i.e. x = 2t, y = t, z = 3t and dx =2dt, dy = dt, dz = 3 dt and t varies from o to 1 along the path.
1
∫ 𝐹̄ . 𝑑𝑟̄ = ∫ 3(4𝑡 2 )2𝑑𝑡 + (12𝑡 2 − 𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 3𝑡. 𝑡𝑑𝑡
𝐶 0
1
∫𝐶 𝐹̄ . 𝑑𝑟̄ = ∫0 (36𝑡 2 + 8𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 16

Ex 2: Evaluate  F .dr for𝐹̄ = 3𝑥 2 𝑖 + (2𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦)𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘 along the curve x =2t2, y= t, z = 4t2 – t.
C

Solution: -
Given vector 𝐹̄ = 3𝑥 2 𝑖 + (2𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦)𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘 to find line integral along the curve C: x =2t2, y= t,
and z = 4t2 – t , differentiations gives us dx = 4t dt, dy=dt, dz = (8t – 1) dt
12
 1
So ∫𝐶 𝐹̄ . 𝑑𝑟̄ = ∫0 3(4𝑡 4 )4𝑡𝑑𝑡 + (16𝑡 4 − 4𝑡 3 − 𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + (4𝑡 2 − 𝑡)(8𝑡 − 1)𝑑𝑡
1 71
= ∫0 (48𝑡 5 + 16𝑡 4 + 28𝑡 3 − 12𝑡 2 )𝑑𝑡 = 5

Exercise
Q 1) Evaluate line integral 𝐿 = ∫𝐶 𝐹̄ . 𝑑𝑟 for following vectors
(1) 𝐹̄ = 3𝑥 2 𝑖̂ + (2𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦)𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂ along the path 𝑥 2 = 4𝑦, 3𝑥 3 = 8𝑧 from x  0 and x  2 .

(2) 𝐹̄ = 3𝑥 2 𝑖̂ + (2𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦)𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂ along the straight line joining the points  0, 0, 0  and 1, 2, 3 .

(3) 𝐹̄ = (2𝑦 + 3)𝑖̂ + 𝑥𝑧𝑗̂ + (𝑦𝑧 + 𝑥)𝑘̂ along the path x  2t , y  t , z  t 3 from t  0 to t  1 .
𝑥 𝑦 2 2
(4) 𝐹̄ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 𝑖̂ + 𝑥(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦)𝑗̂ where C is 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 1.
𝑥 𝑦 2 2
(5) 𝐹̄ = [𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 1][𝑦𝑖̂ + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑗̂] for a closed curve C given by 2 + 2 = 1.
𝑎 𝑏

(7) 𝐹̄ = (2𝑥 + 𝑦 2 )𝑖̂ + (3𝑦 − 4𝑥)𝑗̂ along the parabolic arc y  x 2 joining  0, 0  and 1, 1 .

(8) 𝐹̄ = (2𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑖̂ + (3𝑦 − 𝑥)𝑗̂ and C is the straight line joining  0, 0  and  3, 2  .

(9) 𝐹̄ = (2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑧 2 )𝑖̂ + (𝑥 2 + 4𝑦𝑧)𝑗̂ + (2𝑦 2 + 6𝑥𝑧)𝑘̂ where C is the curve x  t , y  t 2 , z  t 3

joining the points  0, 0, 0  and 1, 1, 1 .

(10) 𝐹̄ = (3𝑥 2 − 6𝑦𝑧)𝑖̂ + (2𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑧)𝑗̂ + (1 − 4𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 )𝑘̂ along the line joining the points
(0,0,0) to (1,1,1).

Introduction to work done: - It is application of line integral. When the vector 𝐹̅ is force vector
applied on a particle which moves the particle from position A to position B then there is work
done by force vector 𝐹̅ .

2) Work done: - Let 𝐹̅ be a force vector which is acting on the particle moves from point A to
point B. Then the work done by force vector = line integral =∫𝑪 𝑭̄. 𝒅𝒓̄ where C is curve joining
points A to B.

ILLUSTRATION
Ex 3: -Find the work done in moving a particle once round the ellipse x2/ 25 + y2/16 = 1; z =0
under the field of force given by𝐹̄ = (2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧)𝑖 + (𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 2 )𝑗 + (3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 4𝑧)𝑘.
Solution: -
Work done = ∫𝐶 𝐹̄ . 𝑑𝑟̄ = ∮𝐶(2x-y + 𝑧)dx + (𝑥 + y-z 2 )𝑑𝑦 + (3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 4𝑧)𝑑𝑧
Where C is the arc of the ellipse
Since z= 0 therefore dz = 0.
Work Done =  F .dr   (2x - y)dx  (x  y)dy
C C

Taking the parametric equations of the ellipse

13
x = 5 cos, y= 4 sin, dx = -5 sin d, dy = 4 cos d.
2𝜋
𝑊 = ∫ (10 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)(−5 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)𝑑𝜃 + (5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 . 𝑑𝜃
0
2𝜋 2𝜋
2 2
𝑊=∫ 20(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)𝑑𝜃 − 34 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 . 𝑑𝜃 = 40 𝜋
0 0
W  40 , Since the work done is not zero, the vector field is not conservative.

Exercise
Find the work done under the field of the force
(a) 𝐹̄ = (𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑖̂ + (𝑦 2 − 𝑧𝑥)𝑗̂ + (𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦)𝑘̂ in taking a particle from 1, 1, 1 to  3,  5, 7  .

(b) 𝐹̄ = 2𝑥𝑦 2 𝑖̂ + (2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦)𝑗̂ in taking a particle from  0, 0, 0  to  2, 4, 0  along the parabola

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑧 = 0.
(c) 𝐹̄ = (𝑦 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑧 3 )𝑖̂ + (2𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 4)𝑗̂ + (3𝑥𝑧 2 + 2)𝑘̂ in moving an object from  0, 1,  1

to  2,  1, 2  .

(d) 𝐹̄ = −3𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑖̂ + 𝑎(2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃)𝑗̂ + 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃𝑘̂ in moving a particle along
x  a cos  , y  a sin  , z  b from    4 to    2 .

(e) 𝐹̄ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 𝑖̂ + 𝑥(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦)𝑗̂in moving a particle once rounds the circle x2  y 2  a 2 , z  0 .

(f) 𝐹̄ = (1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)𝑦𝑖̂ − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑗̂in moving the particle once rounds the ellipse ax 2  by 2  1 .

Session 7: Introduction to Green’s Lemma and illustrations.

GREEN’S LEMMA:

Consider the closed curve C enclosing the region A. Let u(x, y), v(x, y) are continuous functions
in x and y and having continuous partial derivatives in the region A, then
𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝒖
∮ 𝒖𝒅𝒙 + 𝒗𝒅𝒚 = ∬ ( − ) 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚
𝑪 𝑨 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
Green’s Lemma can be expressed in vector form as:∮𝑪 𝑭̄. 𝒅𝒓̄ = ∬𝑨 𝒌̄. (𝜵 × 𝑭̄)𝒅𝑺
The idea behind Green's theorem Suggested background

 Line integrals as circulation

When C is an oriented simple closed curve, the integral ∫C F⋅ds represents the circulation of F
around C. If F were the velocity field of water flow, for example, this integral would indicate
14
how much the water tends to circulate around the path in the direction of its orientation. One way
to compute this circulation is, of course, to compute the line integral directly. But, if our line
integral happens to be in two dimensions (i.e., F is a two-dimensional vector field and C is a
closed path that lives in the plane), then Green's theorem applies, and we can use Green's
theorem as an alternative way to calculate the line integral. Green's theorem transforms the line
integral around C into a double integral over the region inside C. However, it's not obvious what
function we should integrate over the region inside C so that we still get the same answer as the
line integral. The notion of circulation can aid us in determining what this function should be.

ILLUSTRATION
Ex 4 Verify Green’s Theorem for 𝐹̄ = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦 2 𝑗 over the first quadrant of the circle x2+y2=a2.
Solution:
𝐼 = ∫ 𝐹̄ . 𝑑𝑟̄ = ∫ 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
𝑂𝐴𝐵𝑂
By Green’s Theorem,

𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝒖
I  ∮𝑪 𝒖. 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒗. 𝒅𝒚 = ∬𝑨 (𝝏𝒙 − 𝝏𝒚) 𝒅𝒙. 𝒅𝒚
u v
R.H.S. u=x,  0 , v = y2, 0.
y x
𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝒖
∬𝑨 (𝝏𝒙 − 𝝏𝒚) 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎-------------------------------------(1)
L. H. S. 𝐼 = ∫ 𝐹̄ . 𝑑𝑟̄ = ∫𝑂𝐴𝐵𝑂 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
Along OA, y=0, dy =0
a
a2
I 1   x.dx             ( a )
0
2
Along arc AB, x = a cos, dx = -a sind,
y = a sin, dy = a cos d
𝜋
2
𝐼2 = ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (−𝑎2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑎2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝐴𝐵 0
−𝑎2 𝑎3
= + − − − − − −(𝑏)
2 3
𝑎3
𝐼3 = ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = − − − − − − − − − − (𝑐)
𝐵𝑂 3

I = adding (a) + (b) + (c) = 0 ----------------------------(2)

From (1) and (2), LHS = RHS and hence Green’s theorem is verified.

15
Ex 5: Using Green’s theorem show that the area bounded by a simple closed curve C is given by
1
2
x.dy  y.dx Hence find the area of the ellipse x = a cos, y = b sin.

Solution:
By Green’s Theorem,
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢
𝐼 = ∮𝐶 𝑢. 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣. 𝑑𝑦 = ∬𝐴 (𝜕𝑥 − 𝜕𝑦) 𝑑𝑥. 𝑑𝑦
1
Comparing LHS of Green’s theorem with 2 ∫ 𝑥. 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦. 𝑑𝑥
u  1 v 1
We get u = -y/2, v = x/2,  , 
y 2 x 2
1 1 1
2 𝐶
∮ 𝑥. 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦. 𝑑𝑥 = ∬𝐴 (2 + 2) 𝑑𝑥. 𝑑𝑦 = ∬𝐴 𝑑𝑥. 𝑑𝑦
i.e. the area bounded by closed curve.
In case of ellipse x = a cos, Y = b sin,
1 1
2
∫ 𝑥. 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦. 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫(𝑎. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 . 𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑏. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 . 𝑎. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)𝑑𝜃
1
= 2 ∫ 𝑎𝑏(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃)𝑑𝜃 = 𝜋. 𝑎. 𝑏 Which is the area of the ellipse.
Exercise

Verify Green’s Theorem for the field:𝐹̄ = (2𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )𝑖̂ + (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑗̂

1.
over the region R bounded by the x-axis and the semi-circle𝑦 = √1 − 𝑥 2 .
Verify Green’s Lemma in the plane for ∮𝐶(3𝑥 2 − 8𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 where C is
2.
the boundary defined by x = 0, y = 0, x + y = 1.
Evaluate ∫𝐶(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 − 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 by Green’s theorem where C is the
3.
circle x2+ y2= a2.
Use Green’s theorem to evaluate ∫𝐶 𝐹̄ . 𝑑𝑟̄ where𝐹̄ = 𝑦 3 𝑖̄ − 𝑥 3 𝑗̄ and C is the circle
4.
x2+ y2= a2, z=0.
5. 𝐹̄ = 𝑥 2 𝑖̂ + 𝑥𝑦𝑗̂ over the region R enclosed by y  x 2 and y  x .
6. 𝐹̄ = 𝑥 2 𝑖̂ + 𝑥𝑦𝑗̂over the region R enclosed by y  x 2 and y 2  x .
7. 𝐹̄ = 𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦 2 𝑗̂over the first quadrant of the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 .
∫𝐶[𝑥 2 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦], where C is boundary of area along the sides of a triangle whose
8.
vertices are(0,0), (1,0) and(0,1).

Session 8: Introduction and statement of Gauss Divergence Theorem and illustrations.

Gauss divergence Theorem

Gauss Divergence theorem states that the surface integral of the normal component of a vector
point function 𝐹̅ over a closed surface S is equal to the volume integral of the Divergence of
𝐹̅ taken throughout the volume V enclosed by the surface S.
It is written as ∬𝑆 𝐹̄ . 𝑛̂𝑑𝑆 = ∭𝑉 𝛻. 𝐹̄ 𝑑𝑉
16
The idea behind the divergence theorem
Let's say we have a rigid container filled with some gas. If the gas starts to expand but the
container does not expand, what has to happen? Since we assume that the container does not
expand (it is rigid) but that the gas is expanding, then gas has to somehow leak out of the
container. (Or we suppose the container could burst, but that counts as both gas leaking out of
the container and the container expanding.)

If we go to a gas station and pump air into one of my car's tires, what has to happen to the air
inside the tire? (Assume the tire is rigid and does not expand as we put air inside it.) The air
inside of the tire compresses.

These two examples illustrate the divergence theorem (also called Gauss's theorem). Recall that
if a vector field F represents the flow of a fluid, then the divergence of F represents the
expansion or compression of the fluid. The divergence theorem says that the total expansion of
the fluid inside some three-dimensional region V equals the total flux of the fluid out of the
boundary of S. In math terms, this means the triple integral of divF over the region S is equal to
the flux integral (or surface integral) of F over the surface dS that is the boundary of S (with
outward pointing normal):
∬ 𝐹̄ ⋅ 𝑛̂𝑑𝑆 = ∭ 𝛻 ⋅ 𝐹̄ 𝑑𝑉
𝑆 𝑉

ILLUSTRATION
Ex 6: Verify divergence theorem for F  4 xzi  y j  yzk and S , the surface of the cube
2

bounded by the planes x = 0, x= 2, y = 0, y = 2,z= 0 , z= 2.

Solution: -
𝝏 𝝏 𝝏
L.H.S.=𝜵. 𝑭̄ = 𝝏𝒙 𝟒𝒙𝒛 − 𝝏𝒚 𝒚𝟐 + 𝝏𝒛 𝒚𝒛 = 𝟒𝒛 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝒚 = 𝟒𝒛 − 𝒚
∬𝑆 𝐹̄ . 𝑛̂𝑑𝑆 = ∭𝑉 𝛻. 𝐹̄ 𝑑𝑉
2 2 2
∭𝑉 𝛻. 𝐹̄ 𝑑𝑉 = ∫𝑥=0 ∫𝑦=0 ∫𝑧=0(4𝑧 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥. 𝑑𝑦. 𝑑𝑧 = 24------------------------- (1)
R.H.S.==>
Now to evaluate surface integrals, consider the surface S1= OABC, S2 = GDEF, S3=OAGF, S4
= BCED, S5 = OCEF, S6=ABDG.
𝐼1 = ∬𝑆1 𝐹̄ . 𝑛̂𝑑𝑆
For S1,
𝑛̂ = −𝑘̄, 𝑑𝑆 = 𝑑𝑥. 𝑑𝑦
𝐹̄ . 𝑛̂ = −𝑦𝑧,
𝐼1 = ∬𝑆1 𝐹̄ . 𝑛̂𝑑𝑆 = −𝑦𝑧𝑑𝑥. 𝑑𝑦But z = 0 in the plane OABC.

17
I1= 0
For S2,
𝑛̂ = 𝑘̄, 𝑑𝑆 = 𝑑𝑥. 𝑑𝑦
𝐹̄ . 𝑛̂ = 𝑦𝑧,
𝐼2 = ∬𝑆2 𝐹̄ . 𝑛̂𝑑𝑆 = 𝑦𝑧𝑑𝑥. 𝑑𝑦 ___𝑧 = 2
2 2
𝐼2 = 2 ∫0 ∫0 𝑦𝑑𝑥. 𝑑𝑦 = 8
For S3,
𝑛̂ = −𝑗̄, 𝑑𝑆 = 𝑑𝑥. 𝑑𝑧
𝐹̄ . 𝑛̂ = 𝑦 2 ,
𝐼3 = ∬𝑆3 𝐹̄ . 𝑛̂𝑑𝑆 = 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥. 𝑑𝑧 , 𝑦=0
𝐼3 = 0
For S4,
𝑛̂ = 𝑗̄, 𝑑𝑆 = 𝑑𝑥. 𝑑𝑧
𝐹̄ . 𝑛̂ = −𝑦 2 ,
2 2
𝐼4 = ∬ 𝐹̄ . 𝑛̂𝑑𝑆 = − ∫ ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥. 𝑑𝑧 ,
𝑆4 0 0
𝑦 = 2,
𝐼4 = −16
For S5,
𝑛̂ = −𝑖̄, 𝑑𝑆 = 𝑑𝑦. 𝑑𝑧
𝐹̄ . 𝑛̂ = −4𝑥𝑧,
2 2
𝐼5 = ∬ 𝐹̄ . 𝑛̂𝑑𝑆 = − ∫ ∫ 4𝑥𝑧𝑑𝑦. 𝑑𝑧 ,
𝑆5 0 0
𝑥 = 0,
𝐼5 = 0
For S6,
𝑛̂ = 𝑖̄, 𝑑𝑆 = 𝑑𝑦. 𝑑𝑧, 𝑥 = 2
𝐹̄ . 𝑛̂ = 4𝑥𝑧,
2 2
𝐼6 = ∬ 𝐹̄ . 𝑛̂𝑑𝑆 = ∫ ∫ 4𝑥𝑧𝑑𝑦. 𝑑𝑧 ,
𝑆6 0 0
𝑥 = 2,
𝐼6 = 32
R.H.S. = sum of all these six integrals = 0+8+0-16+0+32 = 24. ---------------------------(2)
From (1) and (2) RHS= LHS which verifies the divergence theorem.

EXERCISE
Verify Gauss Divergence Theorem for
(a) F  4 xziˆ  y 2 ˆj  yzkˆ and S is a surface of cube bounded by the planes x  0, x  a, y  0,
y  a, z  0, z  a .

(b) F  4 xziˆ  y 2 ˆj  yzkˆ and S is a surface of cube bounded by the planes x  0, x  1, y  0,

y  1, z  0, z  1 .

(c) F  x3iˆ  y 3 ˆj  z 3kˆ and S is the surface of the sphere x2  y 2  z 2  a 2 .

18
(d) F   x 2  yz  iˆ   y 2  zx  ˆj   z 2  xy  kˆ over the volume bounded by x  0, y  0, z  0,

x  a, y  b, z  c .

(e) F  yz iˆ  zx ˆj  x 2 y 2 kˆ and S is a surface of the cone x2  y 2  z 2 , z  4 .

EXERCISE
Apply Gauss Divergence Theorem to evaluate
(a) Evaluate∬𝑆(𝑦 2 𝑧 3 𝑖̂ + 𝑧 2 𝑥 3 𝑗̂ + 𝑥 2 𝑦 4 𝑘̂). 𝑑𝑆̄, where S is the surface of the sphere

x2  y 2  z 2  16
(b) Evaluate the surface integral∬𝑆(𝑦 2 𝑧 2 𝑖̂ + 𝑧 2 𝑥 2 𝑗̂ + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑘̂). 𝑑𝑆̄, where S is the surface of the

sphere x2  y 2  z 2  a 2 in the positive octant.

(c) Evaluate  F . dS , where 𝐹̄ = (𝑥 + 𝑦 2 )𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ − 2𝑥𝑧𝑘̂ and S is the surface bounded by the
S

planes x  y  z  0 and x  y  z  1 .

(d) Evaluate  F . dS , where 𝐹̄ = 𝑥 3 𝑖̂ + 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑥 2 𝑧𝑘̂ and S is the closed surface bounded by
S

x2  y 2  a 2 , z  0, z  b .

(e) Evaluate  F . dS , where F  x iˆ  y ˆj  z 2 kˆ and S is the curved surface of the cylindrical

S

Region bounded by x2  y 2  4, z  0 and z  2 .

Session 9: Introduction and statement of Stoke’s Theorem and to solve examples on it.

STOKE’S THEOREM: -
The surface integral of the normal component of the curl of the vector point function F bar taken
over an open surface S bounded by closed curve C is equal to the line integral of the tangential
component of F bar taken around the curve C.

 nˆ.curlFdS   F .dr
S C

   F dS   F .dr
S C

 F .dr     F .dS
C S

The idea behind Stokes' theorem Suggested background

 The idea behind Green's theorem

 Introduction to a surface integral of a vector field
19
Stokes' theorem is a generalization of Green's theorem from circulation in a planar region to
circulation along a surface. Green's theorem states that, given a continuously differentiable two-
dimensional vector field F, the integral of the “microscopic circulation” of F over the region D
inside a simple closed curve C is equal to the total circulation of F around C, as suggested by the
equation ∫CF⋅ds=∬D “microscopic circulation of F” dA.
We often write that C=∂D as fancy notation meaning simply that C is the boundary of D. Green's
theorem requires that C=∂D.The “microscopic circulation” in Green's theorem is captured by the
curl of the vector field and is illustrated by the green circles in the below figure.

Green's theorem applies only to two-dimensional vector fields and to regions in the two-
dimensional plane. Stokes' theorem generalizes Green's theorem to three dimensions. For
starters, let's take our above picture and simply embed it in three dimensions. Then, our curve C
becomes a curve in the xy-plane, and our region D becomes a surface S in the xy-plane whose
boundary is the curve C. Even though S is now a surface, we still use the same notation as ∂ for
the boundary. The boundary ∂S of the surface S is a closed curve, and we require that ∂S=C.

The next question is what the microscopic circulation along a surface should be. For Green's
theorem, we found that “microscopic circulation” =(curl)⋅k, (where k is the unit-vector in the z-
direction). We wanted the component of the curl in the k direction because this corresponded to
microscopic circulation in the XY-plane. Similarly, for a surface, we will want the microscopic
circulation along the surface. This corresponds to the component of the curl that is perpendicular
to the surface, i. e, “microscopic circulation”=(curl F)⋅n, where n is a unit normal vector to the
surface. You can see this using the right-hand rule. If you point the thumb of your right hand
perpendicular to a surface, your fingers will curl in a direction corresponding to circulation
parallel to the surface. In summary, to go from Green's theorem to Stoke's theorem, we've made
two changes. First, we've changed the line integral living in two dimensions (Green's theorem) to
a line integral living in three dimensions (Stokes' theorem). Second, we changed the double
integral of curl F⋅k over a region D in the plane (Green's theorem) to a surface integral of curl
F⋅n over a surface floating in space (Stokes' theorem). The required relationship between the
curve C and the surface S (Stokes' theorem) is identical to the relationship between the curve C
and the region D (Green's theorem): the curve C must be the boundary ∂D of the region or the
boundary ∂S of the surface.

ILLUSTRATION
Ex 8: Verify Stoke’s theorem for F  xy i  yj  z xk for the surface of rectangular
2 2

lamina bounded by x = 0, y = 0, x = 1, y = 2, z= 0.
Answer: Given vector F  xy i  yj  z xk
2 2

 F .dr   xy dx  ydy
2

C C
20
 Where C is the path OABCO as shown in figure
Along OA, y = 0, dy = 0.
Along AB,x = 1, dx = 0.
Along BC, y = 2, dy = 0.
Along CO, x = 0, dx = 0.

∫𝐶 𝐹̄ . 𝑑𝑟̄ = ∫𝑂𝐴 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝐴𝐵 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + ∫𝐵𝐶 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝐶𝑂 𝑦𝑑𝑦

2 0 0
= 0 + ∫0 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + ∫1 4𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫2 𝑦𝑑𝑦=-2 -------------------------------------------(1)
TO obtain surface integral
𝑖̄ 𝑗̄ 𝑘̄
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝛻 × 𝐹̄ = | 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
| = (−2𝑥𝑦)𝑘̄
2
𝑥𝑦 𝑦 0
ˆ  k , dS = dx dy is the surface element in S.
Normal to the surface n
1 2
∬ 𝑛̂. 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹̄ 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ (−2𝑥𝑦) 𝑘̄. 𝑘̄𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = −2 ∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = −2
𝑆 𝑆 𝑥=0 0
--------- (2)
From (1) and (2)
∬𝑆(𝛻 × 𝐹̄ )𝑑𝑆̄ = ∮𝐶 𝐹̄ . 𝑑𝑟̄ = −2 Which verifies the Stoke’s Theorem.
Ex 9: Evaluate ∬ (𝛻 × 𝐹̄ )𝑑𝑆̄ where 𝐹̄ = (𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 )𝑖̄ − 𝑥𝑦𝑧𝑗̄ + 𝑦 3 𝑘̄and S is the surface
𝑆
x2+4y2 +z2-2x = 4 above the plane x = 0.
Answer: By Stoke’s Theorem, ∬𝑆(𝛻 × 𝐹̄ )𝑑𝑆̄ = ∮𝐶 𝐹̄ . 𝑑𝑟̄ Where C is the bounding curve
4y2+z2 = 4 (Putting x = 0 in the equation of surface.
y2 z2
i.e. ellipse   1 whose parametric equations are
1 4
y = cos, z = 2 sin 
 F .dr  
C C
( x 3  y 3 )dx  xyzdy  y 3 dz

Putting x = 0, dx = 0
2𝜋 𝜋/2 3𝜋
∫𝐶 𝐹̄ . 𝑑𝑟̄ = ∫𝐶 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑧 = ∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 . 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 8 ∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 2

EXERCISE
Apply Stoke’s Theorem to evaluate
(a) ∫𝐶[4𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑧𝑑𝑦 + 6𝑦𝑑𝑧], where C is the curve of intersection of 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 6𝑧 and
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 3.
(b) ∫𝐶[𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑧𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥𝑑𝑧], where C is the curve of intersection of 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2 and
𝑥 + 𝑧 = 𝑎.
(c) ∫𝐶(𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂ ). 𝑑𝑟 , where C is the curve given by𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 2𝑎𝑥 − 2𝑎𝑦 = 0,
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2𝑎.

21
 (d) ∫𝐶[𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦], where C is the square in XY – plane with vertices(1,0), (−1,0), (0,1),
and (0, −1).

Verify Stoke’s Theorem for the vector field

(a) 𝐹̄ = (2𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑖̂ − 𝑦𝑧 2 𝑗̂ − 𝑦 2 𝑧𝑘̂ over the surface of hemisphere𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 1, 𝑧 ≥ 0.
(b) 𝐹̄ = 𝑥 2 𝑖̂ − 𝑥𝑦𝑗̂ round the square in the plane z  0 and bounded by the lines 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0,
𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑦 = 𝑎.
(c) 𝐹̄ = 𝑥 2 𝑖̂ + 𝑥𝑦𝑗̂ round the boundary of the rectangle 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑦 = 𝑏.
(d) 𝐹̄ = 𝑥 2 𝑖̂ + 𝑥𝑦𝑗̂ for the surface of a square lamina bounded by 𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = −1, 𝑦 = 1.
(e) 𝐹̄ = 𝑥 2 𝑖̂ + 𝑥𝑦𝑗̂ for the surface of a triangular lamina whose vertices are 𝐴(1,1), 𝐵(2,1), 𝐶(1,2).
(f) 𝐹̄ = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 − 4)𝑖̂ − 3𝑥𝑦𝑗̂ + (2𝑥𝑧 + 𝑧 2 )𝑘̂ over the hemisphere𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 16 above the
XOY-plane.
Problems for practice

1. Evaluate  F .dr for F  3x i  (2 xz  y) j  zk along the straight line joining (0, 0, 0) to

2

(1, 2, 3).
2. If F  (2 x  y )i  (3 y  4 x) j then evaluate  F .dr
2
around the parabolic arc y2= x
C

joining (0, 0) and (1,1).

3. x2 y2
Find the work done in moving a particle once round the ellipse   1 ; z = 0 under
16 4
the field of force given by 𝐹̄ = (2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧)𝑖̄ + (𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 2 )𝑗̄ + (3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 4𝑧)𝑘̄.
4. Find the work done by the force 𝐹̄ = 3𝑥 2 𝑖̂ + (5𝑧 − 2𝑧)𝑗̂ + 6𝑧𝑘̂ along the curve x2 = y,
x3 = z from x = 0 to x = 2
5. Evaluate  (sin y  y 3 )dx  ( xy 2  x. cos y)dy by Green’s theorem where C is the circle x2
C
2 2
+y =a .
6. Using Green’s theorem, show that the area bounded by simple closed curve C is given by
1
2  xdy  ydx . Hence find area of circle ``x2 + y2= a2, z=0.

7.
 (    )dv   (  ).ds where V is the volume bounded by
2 2
Prove that
V S

closed surface S.
8. Evaluate ∬𝑆 𝐹̄ . 𝑛̂𝑑𝑠 where 𝐹̄ = 𝑥 3 𝑖̄ + 𝑦 3 𝑗̄ + 𝑧 3 𝑘̄and S is the surface of the sphere
x2 + y2 +z2= a2.
9. Evaluate ∬𝑆(𝛻 × 𝐹̄ ) . 𝑛̂𝑑𝑠 where, 𝐹̄ = (𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑖̄ + (𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑧)𝑗̄ − 3𝑥𝑦 2 𝑘̄and S is surface of

22
 cone z = 4 - (x2+y2)1/2 above XOY plane.
10. Apply Stoke’s theorem to prove that ∮𝐶 4𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑧𝑑𝑦 + 6𝑦𝑑𝑧 = 36𝜋√2 where curves C
is curve of intersection of x2 + y2 +z2= 6z and z = x + 3.
11. Evaluate∬ (𝑥 3 𝑖̂ + 𝑦 3 𝑗̂ + 𝑧 3 𝑘̂). 𝑑𝑆̄, where S is the surface of the sphere x 2  y 2  z 2  1 .
𝑆

12. Evaluate∬𝑆(𝑦𝑧𝑖̂ + 𝑧𝑥𝑗̂ + 𝑥𝑦𝑘̂). 𝑑𝑆̄, where S is the surface of the sphere
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 1in the first octant.
13. Evaluate∬𝑆(2𝑥𝑦𝑖̂ + 𝑧𝑥𝑗̂ + 𝑥𝑦𝑘̂ ). 𝑑𝑆̄, where S is the surface of the region bounded by
𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0, 𝑦 = 3, 𝑥 + 2𝑧 = 6.
14. Evaluate   z 2  x  dydz  xy dz dx  3z dx dy  where S is the closed surface of the region
S

bounded by z  4  y , planes x  0, x  3 and z  0 .

2

15. Evaluate∬ (𝑦 2 𝑧 2 𝑖̂ + 𝑧 2 𝑥 2 𝑗̂ + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑘̂). 𝑑𝑆̄, where S is the upper part of the sphere𝑥 2 +
𝑆
2 2
𝑦 + 𝑧 = 9 above XOY plane.
16. Evaluate∬𝑆(𝑦 2 𝑧 2 𝑖̂ + 𝑧 2 𝑥 2 𝑗̂ + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑘̂). 𝑑𝑠, where S is the surface of the sphere
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2 is the positive octant.
17. Evaluate∭𝑉(𝛻. 𝐹̄ ) 𝑑𝑉where V is bounded by the planes𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0 and
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4.

23
 Assignment problems Unit 2
Q.1. Vector derivative, Del, Gradient, Divergence and Curl problems
1. Find velocity and acceleration and its magnitude if particle moving along the curve

𝑥 = 𝑡 2 , 𝑦 = 2𝑡 + 1, 𝑧 = 𝑡 3 at t = 1.
2. Find velocity and acceleration and its magnitude if particle moving along the curve

𝑟̅ = 𝑡 3 𝑖̅ + (2𝑡 2 − 𝑡) 𝑗̅ + (𝑡 2 + 2𝑡) 𝑘̅ at t = 1.
3. Find angle between the tangents at t = 1 and t = 2 to the curve

𝑟̅ = 𝑡 2 𝑖̅ + (𝑡 3 − 2𝑡) 𝑗̅ + (3𝑡 − 4) 𝑘̅
4. Find angle between the tangents at t = 1 and t = 2 to the curve

𝑟̅ = 2𝑡 3 𝑖̅ + (𝑡 2 − 𝑡) 𝑗̅ + (2𝑡 + 1) 𝑘̅
5. Find Gradient of scalar functions

i) ∅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 3 at point P (-1, -2, 3)

ii) ∅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦𝑧 2 + 𝑧𝑥 2 at point P (3, -2, 1)

6. Find Divergence and Curl of vector functions

i) 𝐹̅ = (𝑥 2 𝑦)𝑖̅ + (𝑦 2 𝑧)𝑗̅ + (𝑧 2 𝑥) 𝑘̅ at point P (2, 2, 1)

ii) 𝐹̅ = (𝑥𝑦𝑧)𝑖̅ + (𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧)𝑗̅ + (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) 𝑘̅ at point P (2, -2, -1)

7. Evaluate vector identities

1) ∇2 (r 3 logr), 2) ∇2 (e−r ), 3) ∇2 (r 5 ), 4) (∇(r 4 ) 5) ∇4 (r 3 logr)

6 1 𝑛(𝑛−2) 𝑎⋅𝑏
6) ∇. (𝑟̅ ) 7) ∇ × (𝑟̅ ) 8) 𝛻 4 (𝑟 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑟) = 𝑟 2 9) 𝛻 ⋅ [𝑟𝛻 (𝑟 𝑛)] = 10) 𝛻 2 ( )=0
𝑟 𝑛+1 𝑟

Q.2. Find directional derivatives

1. Find the directional derivative of ∅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦𝑧 2 at (1, -1, 1) along the vector
5
𝑎̅ = 𝑖̅ + 2𝑗̅ + 2𝑘̅. (Ans: − 3 )

2. Find the directional derivative of ∅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 4𝑥𝑧 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 at (2, -1, 2) along the
140
line which makes equal angles with Co-ordinate axes. (Ans: )
√3

3. Find the directional derivative of ∅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑧 + 𝑧 2 𝑥 at (1, 1, 1) towards point

(3, 2, 2).

4. Find the directional derivative of ∅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦𝑧 3 at (2, -1, 1) in the direction normal
24
 15
to the surface 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑧 − 𝑦 2 = −4 at point (-1,2,1). (Ans: )
√17

5. Find the directional derivative of ∅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 − 3𝑧 2 at (1, 2, 1) in the direction

12
normal to the surface 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦𝑧 3 = 4 at point (1, -1,1). (Ans: )
√11

6. Find the directional derivative of ∅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑧 cos(𝑦) at the origin in the direction
𝜋 1
tangent to the curve 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡, 𝑧 = 𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 4 . (Ans: √𝑎2 )
+1

7. Find the directional derivative of ∅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑒 2𝑥−𝑦−𝑧 at (1, 1, 1) in the direction tangent to
−5
the curve x = e-t, y = 2sint + 1, z = t- cost at t = 0. (Ans: )
√6

8. Find the directional derivative of φ = x2 + 2y2 - 3z2 at (1, 2, 1) in the direction tangent to the
28
curve 𝑥 = 𝑡 2 + 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 2𝑡 , 𝑧 = 2 − 𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 1 . (Ans: )
√14

9. Find the directional derivative of ∅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 (2, 1, 1) in the direction from
this point towards the point (4, -2, 3).

10. The directional derivative of ∅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦𝑧 in the direction of normal to the surface

𝑥𝑦 = 𝑧 at point (3,1,3).

Q.3. Irrotational and solenoidal vectors

1. Prove that, 𝐹̅ = (2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3 ) 𝑖̅ + 𝑥 2 𝑗̅ + 3𝑥𝑧 2 𝑘̅ is conservative force field. Find its scalar
potential.

2. Verify whether the following vectors are irrotational, if so, find the scalar potential ∅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧).

i) 𝐹̅ = (𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑖̅ + (𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧 + 2𝑦𝑧) 𝑗̅ + (𝑥𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑧 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑘̅

ii) 𝐹̅ = (4𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3 ) 𝑖̅ + (2𝑥 2 − 𝑧) 𝑗̅ + (3𝑥𝑧 2 − 𝑦) 𝑘̅
iii) 𝐹̅ = (2𝑥𝑧 3 + 6𝑦) 𝑖̅ + (6𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑧)𝑗̅ + (3𝑥 2 𝑧 2 – 𝑦 2 ) 𝑘̅
iv) 𝐹̅ = (2𝑥𝑦𝑧) 𝑖̅ + (𝑥 2 𝑧 + 2𝑦) 𝑗̅ + (𝑥 2 𝑦) 𝑘̅
v) 𝐹̅ = (𝑥 + 𝑦𝑧)𝑖̅ + (𝑦 + 𝑥𝑧)𝑗̅ + (𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦) 𝑘̅
vi) 𝐹̅ = (𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑖̅ + (𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦)𝑗̅
3. Find the values constants a, b, c if the vector field

𝐹̅ = (2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑎𝑧) 𝑖̅ + (𝑏𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 𝑧) 𝑗̅ + (4𝑥 + 𝑐𝑦 + 3𝑧) 𝑘̅ is irrotational.

𝑥 𝑦
4. Prove that the vector 𝐹̅ = 𝑥 2 +𝑦2 𝑖̅ + 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑗̅ is irrotational and solenoidal vector.

Q.4. Line integral and work done problems

1. Evaluate ∫𝐶 𝐹. ̅̅̅ , where 𝐹̅ = (2𝑦 + 3) 𝑖̅ + (𝑥𝑧) 𝑗̅ + (𝑦𝑧 − 𝑥) 𝑘̅ and C: the straight

̅ 𝑑𝑟
line joining (0,0,0) and (2,1,1). (Ans: 8)

25
 ̅̅̅ ,where 𝐹̅ = (3𝑥 3 )𝑖̅ + (2𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦) 𝑗̅ + (𝑧) 𝑘̅ and C: x = 2t2, y = t,
̅ 𝑑𝑟
2. Evaluate ∫𝐶 𝐹.

z = 4t2 – t from t = 0 to 1. (Ans: 91/5)

̅̅̅, where 𝐹̅ = (2𝑦 + 3)𝑖̅ + (𝑥𝑧)𝑗̅ + (𝑦𝑧 − 𝑥) 𝑘̅

3. Evaluate, ∫𝐶 𝐹̅ . 𝑑𝑟

Where C: 𝑥 = 2𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑡, 𝑧 = 𝑡 3 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑡 = 1.

̅̅̅, where 𝐹̅ = (𝑥𝑦)𝑖̅ + (𝑦𝑧)𝑗̅ + (𝑥𝑧)𝑘̅

4. Evaluate, ∫𝐶 𝐹̅ . 𝑑𝑟

Where C: 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑧 = 𝑦 , for 𝑦 = 1 𝑡𝑜 𝑦 = 2.

5. Find the work done by 𝐹̅ = (𝑥 2 ) 𝑖̅ + (𝑦𝑧) 𝑗̅ + (𝑧) in moving a particle along the straight-
line segment from (1,2,2) to (3,4,4). (Ans: 100/3)
𝑥2 𝑦2
6. Find the work done in moving a particle once around ellipse 16 + = 1 in plane z = 0,
9

Where 𝐹̅ = (3𝑥 – 2𝑦) 𝑖̅ + (2𝑥 + 8𝑦) 𝑗̅ + (𝑦 2 2) 𝑘̅ . (Ans: 48π)

7. Find the work done by force vector 𝐹̅ = (2𝑥𝑦 2 ) 𝑖̅ + (2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦) 𝑗̅ + (𝑧) 𝑘̅ taking a
particle from A (0,0,0) to B (2,4,0) along the parabola y = x2, z = 0.

8. Evaluate work done for irrotational vector 𝐹̅ = (𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑖̅ + (𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑧)𝑗̅ + (𝑧 2 − 𝑧𝑦)𝑘̅ from
point A (1,2,1) to B (2, -5, 7). Ans: 560/3)

Q.5. Green’s theorem problems

1. Evaluate by Green’s Theorem ∫𝐶 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥 2 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 where C is triangle joining points

(0,0), (0,1), (1,1).

2. Evaluate by Green’s Theorem ∫𝐶 (𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑦

where C: 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1

Q.6. Stoke’s theorem problems

1. Verify Stoke’s theorem for vector 𝐹̅ = (𝑥 2 )𝑖̅ − (𝑥𝑦)𝑗̅ in XY plane for the rectangle

𝑥 = 𝑦 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 3

̅̅̅, using Stoke’s theorem where 𝐹̅ = (𝑦)𝑖̅ − (𝑥 2 𝑧 3 )𝑗̅ + (𝑦 3 𝑧) 𝑘̅

2. Evaluate, ∫𝐶 𝐹̅ . 𝑑𝑟

where C is circle given by 𝑧 = 1, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4. (Ans: 24 π)

3. Verify Stoke’s theorem for 𝐹̅ = (y2) 𝑖̅ + (x2)𝑗̅ - (x + z)𝑘̅ over the area of the triangle with
26
 vertices (0,0,0), (1,0,0), (1,1,0).

4. Evaluate, ∬𝑆 (∇ × 𝐹̅ ). ̅̅̅
𝑑𝑠 , where 𝐹̅ = (x3 - y3) 𝑖̅ - (xyz)𝑗̅ + (y3)𝑘̅ and S is the surface
3𝜋
x2 + 4y2 + z2 - 2x = 4 above the plane x = 0. (Ans: )
2

̅̅̅, where 𝐹̅ = 𝑦 𝑖̅ + (𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑧) 𝑗̅ − 𝑥𝑦 𝑘̅ over surface of hemisphere

5. Evaluate, ∫𝐶 𝐹̅ . 𝑑𝑟

x2 + y2 + z2 = a2 above XOY plane. (Ans:0)

̅̅̅, where, 𝐹̅ = 𝑥𝑦 𝑖̅ + (y − 5z)𝑗̅ − y 𝑘̅ , where S is hemisphere

6. Evaluate, ∫𝐶 𝐹̅ . 𝑑𝑟

x2 + y2 + z2 = 9 above XOY plane. (Ans: 36 π)

̅̅̅, where 𝐹̅ = (y) 𝑖̅ + (z)𝑗̅ + (x)𝑘̅ where C: intersection of x2 + y2 + z2 = a2

7. Evaluate, ∫𝐶 𝐹̅ . 𝑑𝑟

−𝜋𝑎2
and x + z = a. (Ans: )
√2

̅̅̅, where 𝐹̅ = (4y) 𝑖̅ + (2z)𝑗̅ + (6y)𝑘̅ where C: intersection of x2 + y2 + z2 = 2z

8. Evaluate, ∫𝐶 𝐹̅ . 𝑑𝑟
8𝜋
and x - z = -1. (Ans: )
√2

Q.7. Gauss divergence theorem problems

1. Use divergence theorem and Evaluate, ∬𝑆 (𝑥 𝑖̅ − y𝑗̅ + (𝑧 2 − 1)𝑘̅). 𝑑𝑠

̅̅̅ ,

where S is the surface 𝑧 = 0, 𝑧 = 1, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4.

2. Use divergence theorem and Evaluate, ∬𝑆 ((𝑥 + 𝑦 2 )𝑖̅ + 𝑦𝑗̅ − (2𝑥𝑧)𝑘̅) . ̅̅̅
𝑑𝑠 ,

where S is the surface bounded by plane 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝑧 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1.

3. Evaluate, ∬𝑆 (𝑥 3 𝑖̅ + 𝑦 3 𝑗̅ + 𝑧 3 𝑘̅). ̅̅̅

𝑑𝑠 , where S is the surface of x2 + y2 + z2 = 9.
2916𝜋
(Ans: )
5

4. Evaluate, ∬𝑆 (2xy 𝑖̅ + 𝑦𝑧 2 𝑗̅ + xz𝑘̅). 𝑑𝑠

̅̅̅ , over the total surface of region bounded by

351
x = 0, y = 0, z =0, y = 3 and x + 2z =6. (Ans: )
2

5. Evaluate, ∬𝑆 (𝑦 2 𝑧 2 𝑖̅ + 𝑥 2 𝑧 2 𝑗̅ + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑘̅). ̅̅̅

𝑑𝑠 , where S is the surface of hemisphere

x2 + y2 + z2 = 4 above XOY plane. (Ans: 0)

6. Evaluate, ∬𝑆 (x 𝑖̅ + 2y𝑗̅ + 𝑧 3 𝑘̅). 𝑑𝑠

̅̅̅ , over the curved surface of cylinder x2 + y2 = 9,

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 z = 0, z = 3. (Ans: 324π)

7. Evaluate, ∬𝑆 (2𝑥𝑦 𝑖̅ + 4𝑦𝑧 𝑗̅ + 6𝑥𝑧 𝑘̅). ̅̅̅

𝑑𝑠 ,

over the cube 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2 , 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 3. (Ans: 120)

8. Evaluate, ∬𝑆 (𝑥 3 𝑖̅ + 𝑦 3 𝑗̅ + 𝑧 3 𝑘̅). 𝑑𝑠
̅̅̅ , where S is hemisphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 16.

1536𝜋
(Ans: )
5

9. Evaluate, ∬𝑆 (𝑥𝑦 𝑖̅ + 𝑦𝑧𝑗̅ + 𝑥𝑧𝑘̅). ̅̅̅

𝑑𝑠 , over the surface S: x = y = z = 0, x = 1,

y + z = 2.

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