CHAKS VECTOR 1 Full Version

VECTOR 1
BY CHAKUAMBA FORTUNE T (CHAKS)
+263771580933
OBJECTIVES OF THE TOPIC
~Define and understand the position vector and free vector
~Carry out operation on vectors addition and subtraction, scalar multiplication of vectors
~Finding the magnitude of vector and unit vector
~Types of vectors
~Use unit vectors and free vector or displacement vectors to solve problems
~Finding area of plane shapes [check vector 2 for more details]
PAGE 1
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VECTOR
 A vector is a quantity with both magnitude and direction in the space. e.g. velocity, force,
acceleration etc.
 A vector can be represented in two dimensions i.e. 𝑎𝒊 + 𝑏𝒋 ,where a and b are constants values
taken in the direction 𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑗 respectively
 A vector can be represented in three dimensions , 𝑎𝒊 + 𝑏𝒊 + 𝑐𝒌,where a, b and 𝑐 are constants
values taken in the direction 𝒊 , 𝒌 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝒋 respectively
Check: Cartesian representation of vectors
Types of vectors
𝑩 𝑨
 Position vector
 It is a vector relative to the fixed origin
 It can defined as vector that start from the fixed origin or a vector that have specific points
in the space e.g. from the diagram above ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐴 and ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐵 are position vectors
Note: We can write ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐴 𝑎𝑠 𝑶𝑨 𝑜𝑟 𝒂 ഥ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐵 𝑎𝑠 𝑶𝑩 𝑜𝑟 𝒃 ഥ
 Free vector
 It is a vector that has no specific location in the space
e.g. ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐴𝐵 has no specific fixed position in the space
 Zero vector
 It is a vector that has no magnitude, with undefined direction
 it represented geometrically by joining a point onto itself
 Unit vector
 It is a vector that has magnitude 1
 To be looked in detailed under operation on vectors
PAGE 2
OPERATIONS ON VECTORS
Addition and subtraction of vectors
𝑎1 𝑎2
𝐼𝐹 ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐴 = ൭𝑏1 ൱ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑂𝐵 = ൭𝑏2 ൱
𝑐1 𝑐2
𝑎1 𝑎2
⇒ 𝑂𝐴 + 𝑂𝐵 = ൭𝑏1 ൱ + ൭ 𝑏2 ൱ just add corresponding components
𝑐1 𝑐2
𝑎1 + 𝑎2
= ൭ 𝑏1 + 𝑏2 ൱
𝑐1 + 𝑐2
∴ 𝑂𝐴 + 𝑂𝐵 = (𝑎1 + 𝑎2 )𝒊 + (𝑏1 + 𝑏2 )𝒋 + (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 )𝒌
Also
𝑎1 𝑎2
just subtract corresponding
⇒ 𝑂𝐴 − 𝑂𝐵 = ൭𝑏1 ൱ − ൭ 𝑏2 ൱
𝑐1 𝑐2 components
𝑎1 −𝑎2
= ൭𝑏1 − 𝑏2 ൱
𝑐1 − 𝑐2
∴ 𝑂𝐴 − 𝑂𝐵 = (𝑎1 − 𝑎2 )𝒊 + (𝑏1 − 𝑏2 )𝒋 + (𝑐1 − 𝑐2 )𝒌
Example
2 1
Given that ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐴 = ൭ 2 ൱ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑂𝐵 = ൭−3൱
−3 −3
Find i) 𝑂𝐴 + 𝑂𝐵
ii) 𝑂𝐵 − 𝑂𝐴
Solution
2 1 1 2
⇒ 𝑂𝐴 + 𝑂𝐵 = ൭ 2 ൱ + ൭−3൱ 𝑂𝐵 − 𝑂𝐴 = ൭−3൱ − ൭ 2 ൱
−3 −3 −3 −3
2+ 1 3 1− 2 −1
= ൭ 2 + (−3)൱ = ൭− 1൱ = ൭−3 − 2 ൱ = ൭ −5൱
−3 +(−3) −6 −3 −(−3) 0
PAGE 3
Negative vector
If vector ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦis equal to −𝒑

ഥ ; then 𝐵𝐴
𝐴𝐵 is denoted by 𝒑 ഥ
B 𝑩
ഥ
𝒑 ഥ
−𝒑
A 𝑨
 For a vector ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ

𝐴𝐵 the negative vector is ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐴𝐵 but in opposite direction and it denoted by
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ 𝑜𝑟 ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
−𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐴
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ = 𝐵𝐴
 ∴ −𝐴𝐵 ሬሬሬሬሬԦ 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐴𝐵 = −𝐵𝐴
3
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ = ቆ− 1ቇ
e.g. If 𝐴𝐵 ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ = −𝐴𝐵
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐵𝐴 ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
−6
3 −3
= − ൭− 1൱ = ൭ 1 ൱
−6 6
Scalar multiplication of vector

𝑎
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ = ቆ𝑏ቇ then 𝝀ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
If vector 𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐵 where 𝝀 is scalar is given by
𝑐
𝑎 𝝀𝑎
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ = 𝝀 ቆ𝑏ቇ = ൭𝝀𝑏൱ multiply each components by the scalar 𝝀
𝝀𝐴𝐵
𝑐 𝝀𝑐
𝑶𝑹
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ = 𝑎𝒊 + 𝑏𝒋 + 𝑐𝒌 then ሬሬሬሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
If vector 𝐴𝐵 𝝀𝐴𝐵 where 𝝀 is scalar is given by
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ = 𝝀(𝑎𝒊 + 𝑏𝒋 + 𝑐𝒌) = 𝝀𝑎𝒊 + 𝝀𝑏𝒋 + 𝝀𝑐𝒌
𝝀𝐴𝐵
3 3 6
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ = ቆ− 2ቇ
e.g. If 𝐴𝐵 ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ = 2 ൭− 2൱ = ൭ − 4 ൱
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 2𝐴𝐵
−6 −6 −12
OR ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ = 2(3𝒊 − 2𝒋 − 6𝒌)

2𝐴𝐵
= 6𝒊 − 4𝒋 − 12𝒌
PAGE 4
 Concept of displacement vectors
𝑶 𝑩
 If O is a fixed origin, if we want to move from A to B

 We can move in the direction AO followed by OB
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ = ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
∴ 𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝑂 + ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐵 Negative vector concept
= ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐵 − ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐴 ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑨𝑶 = −𝑶𝑨ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
Important results established
For any vector such as ሬሬሬሬሬԦ

𝐴𝐵
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐴𝐵 = ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐴 [Destination point − starting point]
OR
Tail [𝐴] Head [𝐵] [ Head – Tail]
Example
3 1 2
Given that the position vectors of 𝐴 ; 𝐵 and 𝐶 are ൭−2൱ ; ൭−3൱ and ൭−4൱ respectively
−1 −3 2
Find i) ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐴𝐶
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ − ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
ii) 2𝐵𝐶 𝑂𝐴
Solution
⇒ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐴𝐶 = ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐶 − ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐴 ሬሬሬሬሬԦ − ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
2𝐵𝐶 ሬሬሬሬሬԦ − ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐴 = 2൫𝑂𝐶 𝑂𝐵 ൯ − ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐴
2 3 2 1 3
= ൭−4൱ − ൭−2൱ = 2 ൥൭−4൱ − ൭−3൱൩ − ൭−2൱
2 −1 2 −3 −1
−1 1 3
= ൭ −2൱ = 2 ൭−1൱ − ൭−2൱
3 5 −1
2 3 −1
= ൭ −2 ൱ − ൭−2൱ = ൭ 0 ൱
10 −1 11
PAGE 5
 Magnitude of a vector
𝑎
 The magnitude of vector 𝑉ሬԦ ; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑉ሬԦ = ൭𝑏 ൱ is given by
𝑐
ሬԦห = ඥ𝑎2 + 𝑏2 + 𝑐2
ห𝑉 ሬԦห > 0
the magnitude is always greater than zero i.e. ห𝑉
Example 1
Given that the position vectors of 𝐴 ; 𝐵 and 𝐶 are ; 𝒂 = 4𝒊 + 4𝒋 − 3𝒌 ; 𝒃 = 8𝒊 + 4𝒋 − 3𝒌
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝒄 = 2𝒊 + 8𝒋 − 5𝒌 respectively
Find i) ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐴𝐶
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ห
ii) Hence write down the exact value of ห𝐴𝐶
Solution
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐴
= 2𝒊 + 8𝒋 − 5𝒌 − (4𝒊 + 4𝒋 − 3𝒌) Adding and subtracting like terms(components)
= 2𝒊 + 8𝒋 − 5𝒌 − 4𝒊 − 4𝒋 + 3𝒌
= −2𝒊 + 4𝒋 − 2𝒌
หሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐴𝐶ห = ඥ(−2)2 + 42 + (−2)2
= 2ξ6
Example 2
𝑝−2 𝑝+1 2
Given that the position vectors of 𝐴 ; 𝐵 and 𝐶 are ൭ 𝑝 ൱ ; ൭ 𝑝 − 4 ൱ and ൭−4൱ respectively
3−𝑝 2𝑝 2
i) Find the expression of ሬሬሬሬሬԦ

𝐴𝐵 in terms of 𝑝
ii) ሬሬሬሬሬԦห = 13 and 𝑝 > 0
Hence find the value of 𝑝 , given that ห𝐴𝐵
Solution
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐴
𝑝+1 𝑝−2 Subtracting corresponding components
= ൭ 𝑝 − 4൱ − ൭ 𝑝 ൱
2𝑝 3−𝑝
3
= ൭ −4 ൱ 𝑜𝑟 3𝑖 − 4𝑗 + (3𝑝 − 3)𝑘
3𝑝 − 3
PAGE 6
ሬሬሬሬሬԦห = 13
If ห𝐴𝐵
⇒ 13 = ඥ32 + (−4)2 + (3𝑝 − 3)2
Squaring both sides of the equation to remove the square root sign
132 = 32 + (−4)2 + (3𝑝 − 3)2

169 = 9 + 16 + 9𝑝2 − 18𝑝 + 9
9𝑝2 − 18𝑝 − 135 = 0
𝑝2 − 2𝑝 − 15 = 0
(𝑝 − 5)(𝑝 + 3) = 0
𝑝 = 5 𝑜𝑟 − 3
∴ 𝑝 = 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝 > 0
 Unit vector
 A unit vector is a vector with magnitude of 1 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 is denoted 𝑉෠
 If we have a vector 𝑉ሬԦ we can convert it to unit vector
ሬ𝑽Ԧ
෡=
⇒𝑽
ห𝑽ሬԦห
 Given the unit vector and magnitude of the vector, we can find the original vector by multiplying
unit vector with the magnitude
⇒ ሬ𝑽Ԧ = 𝑽
෡ × ห𝑽
ሬԦห
𝑎
෠ is given by
ሬԦ = ൭𝑏 ൱ then the unit vector 𝑉
∴ 𝐼𝑓 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑉
𝑐
𝑎𝑖 + 𝑏𝑗 + 𝑐𝑘
𝑉෠ =
ඥ𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2
ሬ𝑽Ԧ ෡
𝑽
Note: The unit vector is parallel to the original vector
ሬԦห > 𝟎
ห𝑽 ෡ห = 𝟏
and ห𝑽
PAGE 7
Example 1 [Zimsec Nov 2012]
Given that the position vectors of 𝐴 ; 𝐵 and 𝐶 are 8𝑖 − 4𝑘 ; 𝑝𝑖 + 3𝑗 + 4𝑘

𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 2𝑖 + 3𝑗 + 5𝑘 respectively
Calculate the unit vector parallel to ሬሬሬሬሬԦ

𝐴𝐶
Solution
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐴
= −2𝒊 + 3𝒋 + 5𝒌 − (8𝒊 − 4𝒌) Adding and subtracting like terms(components)
= −2𝒊 + 3𝒋 + 5𝒌 − 8𝒊 + 4𝒌
= −10𝒊 + 3𝒋 + 9𝒌
Applying
ሬ𝑽Ԧ
෡=
𝑽
ห𝑽ሬԦห
𝐴𝐶 −10𝑖 + 3𝑗 + 9𝑘
෢ =
⇒ 𝐴𝐶 =
ȁ𝐴𝐶 ȁ ඥ(−10)2 + 32 + 92
−10𝑖 + 3𝑗 + 9𝑘
=
ξ190
Example 2
Given that the position vectors of 𝐴 ; 𝐵 and 𝐶 are 𝒂 = 3𝑖 − 𝑝𝑗 − 𝑘 ; 𝒃 = 5𝑖 + 2𝑗 − 𝑘

𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝒄 = 7𝑖 + ൫2 + ξ5൯𝑗 − 𝑘 respectively
i) Find the unit vector in direction of ሬሬሬሬሬԦ

𝐵𝐶
ii) Hence write down a vector parallel to ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐵𝐶 with a magnitude of 15
Solution
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐵𝐶 = ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐵
= 7𝒊 + ൫2 + ξ5൯𝒋 − 𝒌 − (5𝒊 + 2𝒋 − 𝒌)
= 7𝒊 + ൫2 + ξ5൯𝒋 − 𝒌 − 5𝒊 − 2𝒋 + 𝒌
= 2𝒊 + ξ5𝒋
PAGE 8
Applying
𝐵𝐶 2𝒊 + ξ5𝒋 2𝒊 + ξ5𝒋
෢ =
⇒ 𝐵𝐶 = =
ȁ𝐵𝐶 ȁ 3
ට22 + ξ52
ii) Hence write down a vector parallel to ሬሬሬሬሬԦ

𝐵𝐶 with a magnitude of 15
Remember: We can find the original vector by multiplying unit vector with the magnitude
Applying
ሬ𝑽Ԧ
෡=
𝑽
ห𝑽ሬԦห
2𝒊 + ξ5𝒋 𝑉ሬԦ
=
3 15
15(2𝒊 + ξ5𝒋)
ሬԦ
=𝑉
3
ሬԦ
10𝒊 + 5ξ5𝒋 = 𝑉
 Midpoint between two position vectors
𝑶 𝑩
 If O is a fixed origin then the midpoint of position vectors , 𝐴 and 𝐵, has position
1 ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
vector ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝑀 ; To move from O to M we move in the direction ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐴 followed by 𝐴𝑀
2
1 1 1
ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝑀 = ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐴 + ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑂𝐴 + ቀ𝑂𝐵 − 𝑂𝐴ቁ = ቀ𝑂𝐴 ሬሬሬሬሬԦ + ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐵ቁ
2 2 2
Important results established

1
∴ 𝑂𝑀 = ቀ𝑂𝐴 ሬሬሬሬሬԦ + ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐵ቁ
2
PAGE 9
NOTE: The reader should understand that
1
𝑂𝑀 ≠ ൫𝐴𝐵 ሬሬሬሬሬԦ൯
2
1
𝑏𝑢𝑡 ൫𝐴𝐵 ሬሬሬሬሬԦ൯ = 𝐴𝑀
ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ = 𝑀𝐵
ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ = −𝐵𝑀
2
Example 1
Given that the position vectors of 𝐴 and 𝐵 are 𝒂 = 3𝒊 − 2𝒋 − 𝒌 ; 𝒃 = 5𝒊 + 4𝒋 − 3𝒌
respectively
i) Find the midpoint between 𝐴 and 𝐵
Solution
1
𝑂𝑀 = ൫𝑂𝐴 ሬሬሬሬሬԦ + ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐵൯
2
1
𝑂𝑀 = (3𝒊 − 2𝒋 − 𝒌 + 5𝒊 + 4𝒋 − 3𝒌)
2
1
= (8𝒊 + 2𝒋 − 4𝒌 )
2
= 4𝒊 + 𝒋 − 2𝒌
Example 2
The position vectors of points 𝐴 ; 𝐵 and 𝐶 relative are 3𝒊 − 𝒋 ; 2𝒊 + 5𝒋 and 8𝒊 + 3𝒋 respectively
Calculate ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐴𝑀 where 𝑀 is the midpoint of ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐵𝐶
Solution Midpoint of ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ

𝐵𝐶
1
ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ = ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐴𝑀 𝑂𝑀 − ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐴 : ሬሬሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝑀 = ൫𝑂𝐵 ሬሬሬሬሬԦ + ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐶 ൯
2
1
= 5𝒊 + 4𝒋 − (3𝒊 − 𝒋) = ( 2𝒊 + 5𝒋 + 8𝒊 + 3𝒋) = 2𝒊 + 5𝒋
2
= 2𝒊 + 5𝒋
PAGE 10
 Concept of Equal Vectors
𝑎1 𝑎2
𝐼𝐹 ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐴𝐵 = ൭𝑏1 ൱ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ሬሬሬሬሬԦ = ൭𝑏2 ൱
𝐶𝐷
𝑐1 𝑐2
𝑎1 𝑎2
𝐼𝑓 ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐶𝐷ሬሬሬሬሬԦ 𝑖. 𝑒 ൭𝑏1 ൱ = ൭𝑏2 ൱
𝑐1 𝑐2
 Corresponding components are equal i.e. 𝑎1 = 𝑎2 ; 𝑏1 = 𝑏2 ; 𝑐1 = 𝑐2
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ቚ = ቚ𝐶𝐷
 ቚ𝐴𝐵 ሬሬሬሬሬԦቚ [they have the same magnitude or length]
 They have same direction
Example 1
Given that the position vectors of 𝐴 ; 𝐵 and 𝐶 are 𝒂 = 3𝒊 − 𝑝𝒋 − 𝒌 ; 𝒃 = 5𝒊 + 4𝒋 − 3𝒌
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝒄 = 𝒊 + 4𝒋 − 𝒌 respectively
i) Find the value of 𝑝 given 𝑨𝑩 = 2𝑶𝑪

ii) Hence for the value 𝑝 , find the midpoint of 𝑨𝑩
Solution
𝑨𝑩 = 2𝑶𝑪
𝑶𝑩 − 𝑶𝑨 = 2𝑶𝑪
5 3 1
൭ 4 ൱ − ൭−𝑝൱ = 2 ൭ 4 ൱
−3 −1 −1
2 2
൭4 + 𝑝൱ = ൭ 8 ൱
−2 −2
Corresponding components are equal
∴4+𝑝 =8
𝑝=4
Midpoint of 𝑨𝑩
1
𝑂𝑀 = ൫𝑂𝐴 ሬሬሬሬሬԦ + ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐵൯
2
PAGE 11
1 5 3
𝑂𝑀 = ൥൭ 4 ൱ + ቆ−𝑝ቇ൩ 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑝 = 4
2
−3 −1
1 5 3
𝑂𝑀 = ൥൭ 4 ൱ + ቆ−4ቇ൩
2
−3 −1
1 8 4
𝑂𝑀 = ቆ 0 ቇ = ቆ 0 ቇ
2
−4 −2
Example 2
Given that the position vectors of 𝐴 ; 𝐵 and 𝐶 are 𝒂 = 3𝒊 − 𝒋 − 𝒌 ; 𝒃 = 2𝒊 + 3𝒋 − 2𝒌
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝒄 = 𝒊 + 4𝒋 − 𝒌 respectively
i) Find the position vector of ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ

𝑂𝐷 of given ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐴𝐷 = 2𝐴𝐵
ii) Hence find the length of ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐷
Solution
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐴𝐷 = 2𝐴𝐵
𝑂𝐷 − ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ − ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐴 = 2ൣ𝑂𝐵 𝑂𝐴൧
This is a linear equation and we need to solve for
3 2 3
𝑂𝐷 − ൭−1൱ = 2 ൥൭ 3 ൱ − ൭−1൱൩ vector ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐷
−1 −2 −1
3 −1
𝑂𝐷 − ൭−2൱ = 2 ൭ 4 ൱
−1 −1
3 −2
𝑂𝐷 − ൭−2൱ = ൭ 8 ൱
−1 −2
−2 3
𝑂𝐷 = ൭ 8 ൱ + ൭−2൱
−2 −1
1
𝑂𝐷 = ൭ 6 ൱
−3
ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ ห
length of ห𝑂𝐷
ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ ห = ඥ12 +62 +(−3)2

ห𝑂𝐷
= ξ46
PAGE 12
 Dot product or Scalar product of Vectors
𝑎1 𝑎2
𝐼𝑓 ሬሬሬԦ
𝑉1 = ൭𝑏1 ൱ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ሬሬሬԦ
𝑉2 = ൭𝑏2 ൱
𝑐1 𝑐2
The Dot product is given by

Multiply corresponding components and sum up the
𝑎1 𝑎2
results
ሬሬሬԦ
𝑉1 ⦁ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑉2 = ൭ 𝑏1 ൱ ⦁ ൭𝑏2 ൱
𝑐1 𝑐2
= 𝑎1 . 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 . 𝑏2 + 𝑐1 . 𝑐2
Important fact about the Dot product

 If dot product is equal to zero the angle between the vectors is 90°[the vectors are perpendicular
to each other] 𝑖. 𝑒. ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ

𝑉2 = 0
 If dot product is equal to a negative value, the angle between the vectors is an obtuse angle
 If dot product is equal to a positive value, the angle between the vectors is an acute angle
Example 1
The position vectors of 𝐴 and 𝐵 are 𝒂 = 3𝒊 − 2𝒋 − 𝒌 ; 𝒃 = 5𝒊 + 4𝒋 − 3𝒌 respectively
i) Find the scalar product ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐴𝐵 and ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐵
ii) Hence without any further calculations state whether the angle between ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐵 is an acute
or obtuse
Solution
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐴
= 5𝒊 + 4𝒋 − 3𝒌 − (3𝒊 − 2𝒋 − 𝒌)
= 2𝒊 + 6𝒋 − 2𝒌
Multiply corresponding components and sum up the

Scalar product ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐵 results
2 5
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐴𝐵⦁𝑂𝐵 ሬሬሬሬሬԦ = ൭ 6 ൱ ⦁ ൭ 4 ൱
−2 −3
= (2)(5) + (6)(4) + (−2)(−3) = 40
Since the scalar is positive value the angle is an acute angle

PAGE 13
Example 2
Position vectors of 𝐴 and 𝐵 are 𝒂 = 3𝒊 + 4𝒋 − (1 − 𝑝)𝒌 ; 𝒃 = 5𝒊 + 3𝒋 − 3𝒌 respectively
i) Find the value of 𝑝 , if 𝐴𝑂෠𝐵 = 90°
Solution
𝑂 𝐵
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐴⦁𝑂𝐵 ሬሬሬሬሬԦ = 0 Since ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐵 is perperndicular to ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐴
3 5
⇒൭ 4 ൱ ⦁ ൭ 3൱ = 0
−(1 − 𝑝) −3
(3)(5) + (4)(3) + (−1 + 𝑝)(−3) = 0

15 + 12 + 3 − 3𝑝 = 0
30 − 3𝑝 = 0
𝑝 = 10
Example 2
Relative to origin position vectors of 𝐴 and 𝐵 are 𝒂 = 3𝒊 − 2𝒋 + 𝜆𝒌 ; 𝒃 = 𝜆𝒊 + 3𝒌
Find the values of λ if ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐵 are perpendicular
Solution
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐴
= 𝜆𝒊 + 3𝒌 − (3𝒊 − 2𝒋 + 𝜆𝒌)
= (𝜆 − 3)𝒊 + 2𝒋 + (3 − 𝜆)𝒌
Scalar product ሬሬሬሬሬԦ

𝑂𝐵
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐴𝐵⦁𝑂𝐵 ሬሬሬሬሬԦ = 0 Since ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐴𝐵 is perperndicular to ሬሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐵
PAGE 14
𝜆−3 𝜆 Multiply corresponding components and sum up
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐴𝐵 ⦁𝑂𝐵 ሬሬሬሬሬԦ = ൭ 2 ൱ ⦁ ൭ 0൱ = 0
the results
3−𝜆 3
(𝜆 − 3)(𝜆) + (2)(0) + (3 − 𝜆)(3) = 0 Equate to zero since the vectors are perpendicular
𝜆2 − 3𝜆 − 3𝜆 + 9 = 0
𝜆2 − 6𝜆 + 9 = 0
(𝜆 − 3)(𝜆 − 3) = 0
∴ 𝜆=3
 The angle between Vectors

 The angle between the vectors is defined by converging vectors to the angle or diverging vectors
from the angle
 The angle is defined as follows

𝑉2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
หሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑉1 ห × หሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑉2 ห
Note :WhereሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑉1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑉2 is pair of either converging vectors or diverging vectors
𝐴 𝜃 𝑐
Diverging vectors to the angle
𝐴 𝜃 𝑐
Diverging vectors to the angle

PAGE 15
HOW TO FIND THE ANGLE BETWEEN VECTORS
Find the pair of either Diverging vectors from the angle
For instance in diagrams above we find ሬሬሬሬሬԦ

𝐴𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐴𝐶
OR
Find the pair of Converging vectors to the angle
For instance in diagrams above we find ሬሬሬሬሬԦ

𝐵𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐶𝐴
Now the angle is defined as
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐴𝐵 ⦁ ሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐴𝐶 ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐵𝐴 ⦁ ሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐶𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑂𝑅 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
ห ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐴𝐵ห × ห ሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐴𝐶ห ห ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐵𝐴ห × ห ሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐶𝐴ห
The reader is encouraged to draw the sketch where possible
Example 1
Relative to origin 𝑂 the position vectors of 𝐴 and 𝐵 are 𝒂 = 3𝒊 − 2𝒋 − 𝒌 ; 𝒃 = 5𝒊 + 4𝒋 − 3𝒌
respectively
Find the angle between ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐵
Solution
𝐴𝐵 𝑂𝐵 − 𝑂𝐴ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
Add and subtract like components
= 5𝒊 + 4𝒋 − 3𝒌 − (3𝒊 − 2𝒋 − 𝒌)
= 2𝒊 + 6𝒋 − 2𝒌
ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ⦁ 𝑂𝐵
𝐴𝐵 ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
𝐴𝐵ห × ห ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐵ห
2 5
൭ 6൱ ⦁ ൭ 4൱
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = −2 −3
ඥ22 + 62 + (−2)2 × ඥ52 + 42 + (−3)2
40
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
2ξ11 × 5ξ2
−1
40
𝜃 = cos ൬ ൰ = 56.7° (1 𝑑. 𝑝)
2ξ11 × 5ξ2
PAGE 16
Example 1
Relative to origin 𝑂 the position vectors of 𝐴 , 𝐵 and 𝐶 are 𝒂 = 4𝒊 + 4𝒋 − 3𝒌 ;
𝒃 = 8𝒊 + 4𝒋 − 3𝒌 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝒄 = 2𝒊 + 8𝒋 − 5𝒌 respectively
Find the exact value of 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝐵෠𝐶
Hence find the exact area of triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶
Solution
𝐴
𝐵 𝜃 𝐶
Finding the pair of Diverging vectors from the angle i.e. ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐵𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐵𝐶
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐵𝐴 = ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐴 − ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐵 ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐵
= 4𝒊 + 4𝒋 − 3𝒌 − (8𝒊 + 4𝒋 − 3𝒌) = 2𝒊 + 8𝒋 − 5𝒌 − (8𝒊 + 4𝒋 − 3𝒌)
= −4𝒊 = −6𝒊 + 4𝒋 − 2𝒌
𝐵𝐴 ⦁ 𝐵𝐶 ሬሬሬሬԦ
ෝ𝐶 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝐵
ሬሬሬሬሬԦห × ห 𝐵𝐶
ห 𝐵𝐴 ሬሬሬሬԦห
−4 −6
൭ 0൱ ⦁ ൭ 4൱
0 −2 24
෠
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = =
2 2 2
ඥ(−4) × ඥ(−6) + 4 + (−2)2 4 × 2ξ14
24
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝐵෠𝐶 =
8ξ14
ሬԦቚ are lengths of vectors making the

ሬԦห and ቚ𝒃
ห𝒂
The exact area of triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 angle 𝜃
1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ȁ𝑎Ԧȁ × ቚ𝑏ሬԦቚ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
2
PAGE 17
Finding the value of 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽 = 𝟏
2
24 2
൬ ൰ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 1
8ξ14
2
24
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1− ൬ ൰
8ξ14
2
5
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 =
14
5
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = √
14
1
ሬሬሬሬሬԦห × ห 𝐵𝐶
∴ 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ห 𝐵𝐴 ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ห 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
2
5
𝐵𝐴ห = 4 ห ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐵𝐶 ห = 2ξ14 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = √
14
1 5
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ൫4 × 2ξ14൯√
2 14
= 4ξ5 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2
Note: The above area can be solved using vector cross product Check vector 2 as follows
For triangle ABC
Choose one position vector to be the central point
Find the directional vectors centered from that point
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ and 𝐵𝐶
For instance, if we choose B to be central point we find vector 𝐵𝐴 ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ × 𝐵𝐶
Find the vector cross product i.e. 𝐵𝐴 ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
1
Find 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = หሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐵𝐴 × ሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐵𝐶ห
2
NOTE: the vector cross product produces a new vector
PAGE 18
−4 −6
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐵𝐴 = ൭ 0 ൱ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐵𝐶 = ൭ 4 ൱
0 −2
+ − +
𝒊 𝒋 𝒌
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ = |−4 0 0 | = ቚ0
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ × 𝐵𝐶 0 −4 0 −4 0
𝐵𝐴 ቚ𝒊 − ቚ ቚ𝒋 + ቚ ቚ𝒌
4 −2 −6 −2 −6 4
−6 4 −2
= 0𝒊 − 8𝒋 − 16𝒌
1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ห𝐵𝐴 ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ห
2
1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ȁ0𝒊 − 8𝒋 − 16𝒌ȁ
2
1
= ඥ(−8)2 + (−16)2
2
Example 2
Relative to the origin position vectors A 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 are given by

ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐴 = 𝒊 + 3𝒋 + 3𝒌
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐵 = −4𝒊 + 5𝒋 + 3𝒌
Show that
4
cos൫𝐴𝑂෠𝐵൯ =
ξ38
Hence or otherwise , find the position vector of 𝑃 on 𝑂𝐵 such that 𝐴𝑃 is perpendicular
to OB
Solution
𝐴
𝑂 𝜃 𝐵
Using Diverging vectors from the angle i.e. ሬሬሬሬሬԦ

𝑂𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐵
PAGE 19
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐴 = 𝒊 + 3𝒋 + 3𝒌
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐵 = −4𝒊 + 5𝒋 + 3𝒌
𝑂𝐴 ⦁ 𝑂𝐵 ሬԦ
𝑐𝑜𝑠൫𝐴𝑂෠𝐵൯ =
𝑂𝐴ห × ห ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐵ห
1 −4
൭ 3൱ ⦁ ൭ 5 ൱
𝑐𝑜𝑠൫𝐴𝑂෠𝐵൯ = 3 3
ξ12 +32 + 32 × ඥ(−4)2 + 52 + 32
20
ξ19 × 5ξ2
20 4
𝑐𝑜𝑠൫𝐴𝑂෠𝐵൯ = = 𝑎𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
5ξ38 ξ38
Finding the position vector of 𝑃 on 𝑂𝐵 such that 𝐴𝑃 is perpendicular to 𝑂𝐵

𝐴
𝐵 𝑃 𝑂 Applying trig ratio
𝑂𝑃
𝑂𝐴
4 𝑂𝑃
ሬሬሬሬሬԦห = ට(−4)2 + 52 + 32 = 5ξ2
ห𝑂𝐵 =
ξ38 ξ19
ሬሬሬሬሬԦห = ඥ12 +32 + 32 = ξ19

ห𝑂𝐴 2ξ2 = 𝑂𝑃
PAGE 20
Finding unit vector parallel to ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐵
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐵 −4𝒊 + 5𝒋 + 3𝒌
෢
𝑂𝐵 = =
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
ห𝑂𝐵ห 5ξ2
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐵 and ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝑃 have the direction so we can find the vector ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝑃 by multiplying its magnitude
and unit vector parallel ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝑃
−4𝒊 + 5𝒋 + 3𝒌
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝑃 = 2ξ2 ×
5 ξ2
−8𝒊 + 10𝒋 + 6𝒌
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝑃 =
5
Parallel vectors
Vectors are said to be parallel if they have the same direction
A B
𝑩 𝑪
If vector ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐴𝐵 is parallel to ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐵𝐶
It means ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐴𝐵 = 𝒌𝐵𝐶 ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐵𝑦 multiplying ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐵𝐶 by scalar 𝒌 , ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐴𝐵 become equal to ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐵𝐶
Also ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐴𝐵 ⦁𝐵𝐶 ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ = ቚ𝐴𝐵
ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦቚ × ቚ𝐵𝐶
ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦቚ
PAGE 21
Example 1
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ = 2𝒊 + 3𝒋 − 𝒌 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
Given that 𝐴𝐶 ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ is parallel ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐵𝐶 = 4𝒊 + 6𝒋 − 𝟐𝒌 show that 𝐴𝐶 𝐵𝐶
Solution
𝐴𝐶 = 𝒌𝐵𝐶ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
Equal vectors corresponding components are equal
2 4
൭ 3൱ = 𝒌 ൭ 6 ൱
−1 −2
2 = 4𝑘
1
𝑘=
2
2 4
1
∴ ൭ 3 ൱ = 2 ൭ 6 ൱ satisfied
−1 −2
Method 2
𝐴𝐵 ⦁𝐵𝐶 ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ = ห𝐴𝐵
ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦห × ห𝐵𝐶
ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦห
2 4
൭ 3 ൱ ⦁ ൭ 6 ൱ = ඥ22 + 32 + (−1)2 × ඥ42 + 62 + (−2)2
−1 −2
28 = 28 satisfied
Example 1
Given that ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐴 = 𝒊 − 2𝒋 + 𝟑𝒌 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ሬሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐵 = 𝑝𝒊 + 4𝒋 + 𝑞𝒌 given that ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐴 is parallel ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐵
Find the value of p and q
Solution
𝐴𝐶 = 𝒌𝐵𝐶ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
Equal vectors corresponding components are equal
1 𝑝
൭−2൱ = 𝒌 ൭ 4 ൱
3 𝑞
1 𝑝
൭−2൱ = 𝒌 ൭ 4 ൱
3 𝑞
⇒ −2 = 4𝑘 ⇒ 1 = 𝑘𝑝 ⇒ 3 = 𝑘𝑞
1 1 1
𝑘=− ⇒ 1 = ൬− ൰ 𝑝 ⇒ 3 = ൬− ൰ 𝑞
2 2 2
𝑝 = −2 𝑝 = −6
PAGE 22
Important fact
𝑨 𝑩
𝑫 𝑪
On a parallelogram
Opposite vectors are parallel and equal
ሬሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ = 𝐷𝐶
⇒ 𝐴𝐵 ሬሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
ሬሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ = ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
⇒ 𝐷𝐴 𝐶𝐵
ALSO BY DISPLACEMENT CONCEPT

𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐷 ሬሬሬሬሬԦ + ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐷𝐶 + ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐶𝐵 or ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ + ሬሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐴𝐵 = 2𝐴𝐷 𝐷𝐶 or ሬሬሬሬሬԦ = 2𝐵𝐶
𝐴𝐵 ሬሬሬሬሬԦ + ሬሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐷𝐶
Note: Squares and rectangles are also parallelogram
Example 1
The points 𝑂 , 𝑃 , 𝑄 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅 form a parallelogram where 𝑂 is origin vectors of 𝑃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅 are
𝐩 = 𝒊 + 𝝀𝒋 + 𝒌 𝒓 = 4𝒊 + 2𝒌 where 𝝀 is a positive constant. The angle 𝑂𝑃෠𝑅 𝑖s a right angle
Find the value of 𝜆
Find the position vector of 𝑄
Calculate the area of the a parallelogram 𝑂𝑃𝑄𝑅
Solution
𝑃 𝑄
𝑂 𝑅
PAGE 23
𝑂
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ = 3𝒊 − 𝝀𝒋 + 𝒌
𝑃𝑅
𝑃 𝑅
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝑃⦁𝑃𝑅 ሬሬሬሬሬԦ = 0 Since ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝑃 is perperndicular to ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑃𝑅
1 3
⇒ ൭𝜆 ൱ ⦁ ൭ − 𝜆 ൱ = 0
1 1
3 − 𝜆2 + 1 = 0
𝜆2 = 4
𝜆 = ±2
𝜆 = 2 since λ is a positive
Finding the position vector of 𝑄

Opposite vectors are parallel and equal
⇒ ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝑃 = 𝑅𝑄 ሬሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
⇒ ሬሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝑃 = 𝑂𝑄 ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ − 𝑂𝑅
ሬሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝑃 = ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝑄 − ሬሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝑅
1 4
൭2൱ = ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝑄 − ൭ 0 ൱ This is a linear equation and we need to solve for
1 2 vector ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝑄
1 4
൭2൱ + ൭ 0 ൱ = ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝑄
1 2
5
൭2൱ = ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝑄
3
PAGE 24
The exact area of a parallelogram 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷
𝐵 𝐶
𝑎Ԧ
𝜃 ȁ𝑎Ԧȁ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ቚ𝑏ሬԦቚ are magnitudes of vectors making an
A 𝑏ሬԦ 𝐷 angle 𝜃 on a parallelogram [ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐴𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐴𝐷]
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ȁ𝑎Ԧȁ × ቚ𝑏ሬԦቚ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Area of the a parallelogram 𝑂𝑃𝑄𝑅 [QUESTION]

𝑃 𝑄
𝑂 𝑅
෡𝑹
Finding the value of 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑷𝑶
𝐩 = 𝒊 + 𝝀𝒋 + 𝒌 𝒓 = 4𝒊 + 2𝒌
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ⦁ 𝑂𝑅
𝑂𝑃 ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
ሬሬሬሬሬԦห × ห 𝑂𝑅
ห 𝑂𝑃 ሬሬሬሬሬԦห
1 4
൭2൱ ⦁ ൭0൱
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑃𝑂෠𝑅 = 1 2
ξ12 +22 + 12 × ξ42 + 02 + 22
6 ξ30
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑃𝑂෠𝑅 = =
ξ6 × 2ξ5 10
USING [ Finding the value of 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽]

𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽 = 𝟏
PAGE 25
2
ξ30 2
ቆ ቇ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 1
10
2
ξ30
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1− ቆ ቇ
10
2
7
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 =
10
7
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = √
10
∴ 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ห ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝑃ห × ห ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝑅ห 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
7
𝑂𝑃ห = ξ6 ห ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝑅ห = 2ξ5 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = √
10
7
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ൫ξ6 × 2ξ5൯√
10
METHOD 2
Note: The above area can be solved using vector cross product Check vector 2 as follows
For parallelogram ABCB
𝐵 𝐶
𝑎Ԧ
𝜽
A 𝑏ሬԦ 𝐷
PAGE 26
Choose one position vector to be the central point
Find the directional vectors centered from that point
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ and 𝐴𝐷
For instance, if we choose A to be central point we find vector 𝐴𝐷 ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ × 𝐴𝐷
Find the vector cross product i.e. 𝐴𝐵 ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
Find 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = หሬሬሬሬԦ ሬሬሬሬԦ ห

𝐴𝐵 × 𝐴𝐷
NOTE: the vector cross product produces a new vector
Area of the a parallelogram 𝑂𝑃𝑄𝑅 [QUESTION]

𝑃 𝑄
𝑂 𝑅
𝐩 = 𝒊 + 𝟐𝒋 + 𝒌 𝒓 = 4𝒊 + 2𝒌
1 4
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝑃 = ൭2൱ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝑅 = ൭ 0൱
1 2
+ − +
𝒊 𝒋 𝒌
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ = |1 2 1| = ቚ2
𝐵𝐴
1
ቚ𝒊 − ቚ
1 1
ቚ𝒋 + ቚ
1 2
ቚ𝒌
0 2 4 2 4 0
4 0 2
= 4𝒊 + 2𝒋 + 8𝒌
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ × ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ห𝑂𝑃 𝑂𝑅ห
1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ȁ4𝒊 + 2𝒋 + 8𝒌ȁ
2
1 2
= ඥ4 + 22 + 82
2
PAGE 27
Example 3
Q R
P S
In the diagram PQRS is a square. The position vector of Q relative to the origin O is given by
3 −3 5
𝑃𝑅 = ൭ 3 ൱ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝑄 = ൭ −1 ൱ and the displacement vectors ሬሬሬሬሬԦ 𝑆𝑄 = ൭−11൱
2 12 4
Find
i) ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑃𝑄
ii) the position vectors of 𝑃 , 𝑅 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆
Solution
Q R
1 1
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ 𝑃𝑅 + ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑃𝑄 = ሬሬሬሬሬԦ 𝑆𝑄
2 2
1 −3 1 5
= ൭ 3 ൱ + ൭−11൱
2 2
12 4
1 −3 5
= ൥൭ 3 ൱ + ൭−11൱൩
2
12 4
P S
1 2
= ൥൭ −8 ൱൩
2
16
1
= ൭−4൱
8
PAGE 28
The position vectors of P, R and S
⇒ ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑃𝑄 = 𝑂𝑄 ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ − 𝑂𝑃
1 3
൭−4൱ = ൭ −1 ൱ − ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝑃
8 2 This is a linear equation and we need to solve for
3 1 vector ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝑃
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝑃 = ൭ −1 ൱ − ൭−4൱
2 8
4
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝑃 = ൭ 3 ൱
−6
𝑃𝑅 𝑂𝑅 − ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝑃
−3 4
൭ 3 ൱ = ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝑅 − ൭ 3 ൱
12 −6 This is a linear equation and we need to solve for
−3 4 vector ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝑅
൭ 3 ൱ + ൭ 3 ൱ = ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝑅
12 −6
−1
൭ 6 ൱ = ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝑅
6
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑆𝑄 = 𝑂𝑄ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ − ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝑆
5 3
൭−11൱ = ൭ −1 ൱ − 𝑂𝑆
4 2 This is a linear equation and we need to solve for
3 5 vector ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝑆
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝑆 = ൭ −1 ൱ − ൭−11൱
2 4
−2
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝑆 = ൭ 10൱
−2
PAGE 29
Collinear vectors
Points are said to be collinear if they lie on same line
𝑨 𝑩 𝑪
To prove for collinearity, we use the concept of parallel vectors
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ , 𝐴𝐶
So in case above we join 𝐴𝐵 ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦor 𝐵𝐶
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ then either
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ = 𝒌𝐴𝐶
𝐴𝐵 ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ or ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐴𝐶 = 𝒌𝐵𝐶ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ = 𝒌𝐵𝐶
or 𝐴𝐵 ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
Note: The reader should prove only one of the above
Example 1
3 7 15
Given that the position vectors of 𝐴 ; 𝐵 and 𝐶 are ൭1൱ ; ൭ 3 ൱ and ൭ 7 ൱ respectively
4 0 −8
Show that A, B and C are collinear points
Solution
⇒ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐴 ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐵
7 3 15 7
= ൭ 3 ൱ − ൭1൱ = ൭ 7 ൱ − ൭3൱
0 4 −8 0
4 8
= ൭ 2൱ = ൭ 4൱
−4 −8
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ = 𝒌ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶
4 8 4 8
1
൭ 2൱ = 𝒌 ൭ 4൱ ∴ ൭ 2൱ = 2 ൭ 4 ൱ 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑
−4 −8 −4 −8
4 = 8𝑘 Therefore, points A, B and C are collinear
1
𝑘=
2
PAGE 30
VECTORS IN THREE DIMENSIONS
𝑩
𝑷
𝒐 𝑨 𝒊
𝑪
If 𝑂 is the fixed origin and length of OA , 𝑂𝐵 and OC are 5𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 , 3 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
respectively
If P is a fixed point in the space , to move from O to 𝑷
We move 5 units in the direction of 𝒊 i.e. 5𝒊
Followed by 3 units in direction of 𝒋 i.e. 3𝒋
Followed by 2 units in direction of 𝒌 i.e. 2𝒌
As shown in red marking
∴ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝑃 = 5𝒊 + 3𝒋 + 2𝒌
PAGE 31
Example 1[Zimsec November 2019]
𝐷 𝑋 𝐸
𝑌
𝐺 𝐹
𝐴 𝐵
𝑘
𝒊
𝑂 𝒋 𝑪
OABCDEFG is perfect cube of edge 10 units. The units vectors 𝒊 , 𝒋 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝒌 are OC , OA and OG
respectively , 𝑋 and 𝑌 are mid points on ED and GD respectively
Find ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝑋 in terms 𝒊 , 𝒋 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝒌
Find the unit vector parallel to ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐸
Find 𝑋𝑂෠𝑌
Solution
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝑋 = ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐴 + ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐴𝐷 + ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐷𝑋
Any direction from starting point to destination point
= 10𝒊 + 10𝒋 + 5𝒌 produce same answer
The ideal is to choose the easiest direction
Unit vector parallel to ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐸
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐸 = ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ + 𝐹𝐸
𝑂𝐶 + 𝐶𝐹 ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
= 10𝒋 + 10𝒌 + 10𝒊
= 10𝒊 + 10𝒋 + 10𝒌
10𝒊 + 10𝒋 + 10𝒌 10𝒊 + 10𝒋 + 10𝒌

෢ =
𝑂𝐸 =
ξ102 + 102 + 102 10ξ3
𝒊+𝒋+𝒌
=
ξ3
PAGE 32
Finding 𝑋𝑂෠𝑌
Diverging vectors from the angle
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝑋 = 10𝒊 + 10𝒋 + 5𝒌
𝑂𝑌 = ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐺 + ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐺𝑌
= 10𝒌 + 5𝒊
= 5𝒊 + 10𝒌
10 5
൭10൱ ⦁ ൭ 0 ൱
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑋𝑂෠𝑌 = 5 10
ξ102 +102 + 52 × ξ52 + 02 + 102
100
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑋𝑂෠𝑌 =
75ξ5
100
𝑋𝑂෠ 𝑌 = cos −1 ൬ ൰ = 53.4°
75ξ5
Example 2
𝐸 𝐹
𝐷 𝑃 𝐶
k j
A 𝑂 i B
The solid triangular prism stands on a horizontal rectangular base 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷. The rectangular
face 𝐶𝐷𝐸𝐹 is vertical. The edge 𝐴𝐵 has midpoint 𝑂 , edge DE has midpoint 𝑄 and edge 𝐶𝐷 has
midpoint 𝑃 . The unit vectors 𝒊 , 𝒋 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝒌 parallel to 𝐴𝐵 , 𝐵𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝐹 respectively. The
rectangular base has a length 𝐴𝐵 = 10 units and width 𝐵𝐶 = 8 units . 𝐶𝐹 = 6𝑘
PAGE 33
𝑂𝐶
Calculate ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐵𝑄
𝐸𝑃
Calculate angle FAP
Solution
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐶 = ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐵 + ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐵𝐶
1
= (10𝒊) + 8𝒋
2
= 5𝒊 + 8𝒋
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐶 = ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ + ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐵𝐶 + 𝐶𝐷 𝐷𝑄
1
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
= 8𝒋 − 10𝒊 + 𝐷𝐸 ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐷𝐸 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝐶𝐹
2
= −10𝒊 + 8𝒋 + 3𝒌
𝐸𝑃 = 𝐸𝐷 ሬሬሬሬሬԦ + ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐷𝑃
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ + ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
= −𝐶𝐹 𝐷𝑃 𝐸𝐷 ሬሬሬሬሬԦ but in the opposite direction
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ is parallel to 𝐶𝐹
= −6𝒌 + 5𝒊
Calculating angle FAP

ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐴𝐹 = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶 + 𝐶𝐹
= 10𝒊 + 8𝒋 + 6𝒌
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐴𝑃 = ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐴𝐷 + ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐷𝑃
= 8𝒋 + 5𝒊
= 5𝒊 + 8𝒋
10 5
൭ 8 ൱ ⦁ ൭0൱
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐹𝐴̂𝑃 = 6 8
ξ102 +82 + 62 × ξ52 + 02 + 82
PAGE 34
98
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐹𝐴̂𝑃 =
10ξ178
98
̂ −1
𝐹𝐴𝑃 = cos ൬ ൰ = 42.7°
10ξ178
Example 2
D G
k
O j C
i
E M F
A B
The diagram shows a plan of a building whose floor is a rectangle OABC and whose roof is the form
of a pyramid DEFGV , 𝑂𝐴 = 4𝑚 , 𝑂𝐶 = 8𝑚 , 𝑂𝐷 = 2𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑀𝑉 = 5𝑚 , M is the point where
diagonals 𝑂𝐵 and 𝐴𝐶 intersect . Takin O as the origin and 𝒊 , 𝒋 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝒌 unit vectors in the directions
𝑂𝐴 , 𝑂𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑂𝐷 respectively
i) Write down position vectors B and V

ii) Find ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐴𝑀
iii) AB is produced to point Q such that AQ is 14𝑚 , Find the position vector of point Q
iv) Calculate the angle between ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐴𝑀 and ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐴𝑉
Solution
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐵 = ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐴𝐵 ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐴𝐵 is parallel to ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐶
= 4𝒊 + 8𝒋
= 4𝒊 + 8𝒋
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝑉 = ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝑀 + 𝑀𝑉
1
= ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐵 + 𝑀𝑉
2
PAGE 35
1
= 2 (4𝒊 + 8𝒋) + 5𝒌 ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ is in direction of 𝒌 with a magnitude of 5
𝑀𝑉
= 2𝒊 + 4𝒋 + 5𝒌
ሬሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ = 𝑂𝑀
𝐴𝑀 ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ − 𝑂𝐴
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
1
= 2 ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐵 − 𝑂𝐴ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
= 2𝒊 + 4𝒋 − 4𝒊
= −2𝒊 + 4𝒋
𝑂𝑄 = ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐴𝑄
= 4𝒊 + 14𝒋 ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐴𝑄 is in the direction of 𝒋 with a magnitude 14
Calculating angle between ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ

𝐴𝑀 and ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐴𝑉

𝐴𝑀 = −2𝒊 + 4𝒋 ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝐴𝑉 = ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝑉 − ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑂𝐴
= 2𝒊 + 4𝒋 + 5𝒌 − 4𝒊
= −2𝒊 + 4𝒋 + 5𝒌
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ⦁𝐴𝑀
𝐴𝑉 ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ห × หሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
ห𝐴𝑉 𝐴𝑀ห
−2 −2
൭ 4൱ ⦁ ൭ 4൱
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 0 5
ඥ(−2)2 +42 × ඥ(−2)2 + 42 + 52
20
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
30
−1
2
𝜃 = cos ൬ ൰ = 32.7°
3
PAGE 36
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CHAKS VECTOR 1 Full Version

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VECTOR 1

BY CHAKUAMBA FORTUNE T (CHAKS)

OBJECTIVES OF THE TOPIC

~Define and understand the position vector and free vector

~Finding the magnitude of vector and unit vector

~Finding area of plane shapes [check vector 2 for more details]

∴ 𝑂𝐴 + 𝑂𝐵 = (𝑎1 + 𝑎2 )𝒊 + (𝑏1 + 𝑏2 )𝒋 + (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 )𝒌

∴ 𝑂𝐴 − 𝑂𝐵 = (𝑎1 − 𝑎2 )𝒊 + (𝑏1 − 𝑏2 )𝒋 + (𝑐1 − 𝑐2 )𝒌

If vector ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦis equal to −𝒑

 For a vector ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ

Scalar multiplication of vector

OR ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ = 2(3𝒊 − 2𝒋 − 6𝒌)

 If O is a fixed origin, if we want to move from A to B

Important results established

For any vector such as ሬሬሬሬሬԦ

i) Find the expression of ሬሬሬሬሬԦ

⇒ 13 = ඥ32 + (−4)2 + (3𝑝 − 3)2

132 = 32 + (−4)2 + (3𝑝 − 3)2

Given that the position vectors of 𝐴 ; 𝐵 and 𝐶 are 8𝑖 − 4𝑘 ; 𝑝𝑖 + 3𝑗 + 4𝑘

Calculate the unit vector parallel to ሬሬሬሬሬԦ

Given that the position vectors of 𝐴 ; 𝐵 and 𝐶 are 𝒂 = 3𝑖 − 𝑝𝑗 − 𝑘 ; 𝒃 = 5𝑖 + 2𝑗 − 𝑘

i) Find the unit vector in direction of ሬሬሬሬሬԦ

ii) Hence write down a vector parallel to ሬሬሬሬሬԦ

 Midpoint between two position vectors

Important results established

Solution Midpoint of ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ

 They have same direction

i) Find the value of 𝑝 given 𝑨𝑩 = 2𝑶𝑪

Corresponding components are equal

i) Find the position vector of ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ

ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ ห = ඥ12 +62 +(−3)2

The Dot product is given by

Important fact about the Dot product

to each other] 𝑖. 𝑒. ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ

Multiply corresponding components and sum up the

Since the scalar is positive value the angle is an acute angle

(3)(5) + (4)(3) + (−1 + 𝑝)(−3) = 0

Scalar product ሬሬሬሬሬԦ

 The angle between Vectors

 The angle is defined as follows

Diverging vectors to the angle

Diverging vectors to the angle

For instance in diagrams above we find ሬሬሬሬሬԦ

For instance in diagrams above we find ሬሬሬሬሬԦ

Now the angle is defined as

The reader is encouraged to draw the sketch where possible

ሬԦቚ are lengths of vectors making the

NOTE: the vector cross product produces a new vector

Relative to the origin position vectors A 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 are given by

Using Diverging vectors from the angle i.e. ሬሬሬሬሬԦ

Finding the position vector of 𝑃 on 𝑂𝐵 such that 𝐴𝑃 is perpendicular to 𝑂𝐵

𝐵 𝑃 𝑂 Applying trig ratio

ሬሬሬሬሬԦห = ඥ12 +32 + 32 = ξ19

ALSO BY DISPLACEMENT CONCEPT

Note: Squares and rectangles are also parallelogram

Finding the position vector of 𝑄

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ȁ𝑎Ԧȁ × ቚ𝑏ሬԦቚ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

Area of the a parallelogram 𝑂𝑃𝑄𝑅 [QUESTION]

USING [ Finding the value of 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽]

Find 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = หሬሬሬሬԦ ሬሬሬሬԦ ห

Area of the a parallelogram 𝑂𝑃𝑄𝑅 [QUESTION]

To prove for collinearity, we use the concept of parallel vectors

Note: The reader should prove only one of the above

Show that A, B and C are collinear points