ME-2807

Fluid Mechanics and Machineries

DUET
Dept. of ME
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 Continuity Équation in Cartésien
Coordinates/ Conservation of Mass

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Continuity Equation Cont.

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Continuity Equation Cont.

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 Continuity Equation Cont.

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
Equation 4.12 can be written as 𝒅𝒊𝒗. 𝒗 = 𝟎 where, 𝑑𝑖𝑣 = 𝑖 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑗 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑘 𝜕𝑧

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 Continuity Equation Cont.

Problem:

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 Continuity Equation Cont.
Applications of the continuity equation :

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 Navier-Stokes Equation / Conservation of
Momentum
Body Force: Forces which act on a matter without the requirement of direct
contact are called body force. Ex: gravitational force, magnetic force.

Surface Force: Forces arise from direct contact of the body are called surface
force.
Form Newton's 2nd law of motion applied per unit volume of fluid:

𝐷𝑉
𝜌 = 𝐵 + 𝐹Ԧ … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … (a)
𝐷𝑡
𝐷𝑉 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
where, a = = 𝑣Ԧ + (convective acceleration + temporal acceleration)
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑡
𝐵 = 𝑖 𝑋 + 𝑗𝑌 + 𝑘𝑍 (body force per unit volume)
𝐹Ԧ = 𝑖𝐹𝑥 + 𝑗𝐹𝑦 + 𝑘𝐹𝑧 (surface force)
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𝑉 = 𝑖𝑉𝑥 + 𝑗𝑉𝑦 + 𝑘𝑉𝑧 (Velocity vector)
 Navier-Stokes Equation

Again surface force is determined from the summation of the normal stress, and
the shear stresses. (if the fluid is considered to be inviscid then shear stress term
will disappear and normal stress terms may be replaced by pressure terms. )
𝐹𝑥 = 𝑖𝜎𝑥 + 𝑗𝜏𝑥𝑦 + 𝑘𝜏𝑥𝑧
𝐹𝑦 = 𝑖𝜏𝑦𝑥 + 𝑗𝜎𝑦 + 𝑘𝜏𝑦𝑧
𝐹𝑧 = 𝑖𝜏𝑧𝑥 + 𝑗𝜏𝑧𝑦 + 𝑘𝜎𝑧

For symmetry 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 𝜏𝑦𝑥 ; 𝜏𝑥𝑧 = 𝜏𝑧𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜏𝑦𝑧 = 𝜏𝑧𝑦

Surface force acting on the left side of x axis = 𝐹𝑥 𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑧

𝜕𝐹
Surface force acting on the right side of x axis = [𝐹𝑥 + 𝜕𝑥𝑥 𝛿𝑥]𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑧
𝜕𝐹𝑥
Net Surface force acting on x axis = 𝛿𝑥𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑧
𝜕𝑥
Similarly ,
𝜕𝐹𝑦
Net Surface force acting on y axis = 𝛿𝑥𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑧
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝐹𝑧
Net Surface force acting on z axis = 𝜕𝑧
𝛿𝑥𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑧

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 Navier-Stokes Equation

𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹𝑦 𝜕𝐹
Then Total Surface force per unit volume 𝐹Ԧ = 𝜕𝑥𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜕𝑧𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝐹Ԧ = 𝑖𝜎𝑥 + 𝑗𝜏𝑥𝑦 + 𝑘𝜏𝑥𝑧 + 𝑖𝜏𝑥𝑦 + 𝑗𝜎𝑦 + 𝑘𝜏𝑦𝑧 + 𝑖𝜏 + 𝑗𝜏𝑦𝑧 + 𝑘𝜎𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑥𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝐹Ԧ = 𝑖 𝜕𝑥 𝜎𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦 𝜏𝑥𝑦 + 𝜕𝑧 𝜏𝑥𝑧 + 𝑗(𝜕𝑥 𝜏𝑥𝑦 + 𝜕𝑦 𝜎𝑦 + 𝜕𝑧 𝜏𝑦𝑧 ) + 𝑘(𝜕𝑥 𝜏𝑥𝑧 + 𝜕𝑦 𝜏𝑦𝑧 + 𝜕𝑧 𝜎𝑧 )

Introducing these terms in equation (a) by direction wise:

𝐷𝑉𝑥 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
X direction: 𝜌 = 𝑋 + (𝜕𝑥 𝜎𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦 𝜏𝑥𝑦 + 𝜕𝑧 𝜏𝑥𝑧 )
𝐷𝑡
𝐷𝑉𝑦 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
Y direction: 𝜌 = 𝑌 + (𝜕𝑥 𝜏𝑥𝑦 + 𝜕𝑦 𝜎𝑦 + 𝜕𝑧 𝜏𝑦𝑧 ) …. …. (b)
𝐷𝑡
𝐷𝑉𝑧 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
Z direction: 𝜌 =𝑍+( 𝜏 + 𝜏 + 𝜎)
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑥𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝑦𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑧

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 Navier-Stokes Equation
𝐷𝑉𝑥 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
X direction: 𝜌 = 𝑋 + (𝜕𝑥 𝜎𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦 𝜏𝑥𝑦 + 𝜕𝑧 𝜏𝑥𝑧 )
𝐷𝑡
𝐷𝑉𝑦 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
Y direction: 𝜌 = 𝑌 + (𝜕𝑥 𝜏𝑥𝑦 + 𝜕𝑦 𝜎𝑦 + 𝜕𝑧 𝜏𝑦𝑧 ) …. …. (b)
𝐷𝑡
𝐷𝑉𝑧 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
Z direction: 𝜌 =𝑍+( 𝜏 + 𝜏 + 𝜎)
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑥𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝑦𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑧

From Stokes hypothesis ,

2 𝜕𝑉𝑥 2 𝜕𝑉𝑦
Normal stress, 𝜎𝑥 = −𝑃 − 3 𝜇 𝑑𝑖𝑣. 𝑣Ԧ + 2𝜇 ; 𝜎𝑦 = −𝑃 − 3 𝜇 𝑑𝑖𝑣. 𝑣Ԧ + 2𝜇
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
2 𝜕𝑉
and 𝜎𝑧 = −𝑃 − 𝜇 𝑑𝑖𝑣. 𝑣Ԧ + 2𝜇 𝑧
3 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝑉𝑥 𝜕𝑉𝑦 𝜕𝑉𝑥 𝜕𝑉𝑧

Shear Stress: 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 𝜏𝑦𝑥 = 𝜇 + ; 𝜏𝑥𝑧 = 𝜏𝑧𝑥 = 𝜇 +
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑉𝑦 𝜕𝑉𝑧
and 𝜏𝑦𝑧 = 𝜏𝑧𝑦 = 𝜇( 𝜕𝑧 + )
𝜕𝑦
Putting all these in equation (b)

𝐷𝑉𝑥 𝜕𝑃 𝜕 𝜕𝑉𝑥 2 𝜕 𝜕𝑉𝑥 𝜕𝑉𝑦 𝜕 𝜕𝑉𝑥 𝜕𝑉𝑧

X: 𝜌 = 𝑋 − 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜕𝑥 𝜇 2 − 3 𝑑𝑖𝑣. 𝑣Ԧ + 𝜕𝑦 𝜇 + + 𝜕𝑧 [𝜇 + ]
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥
This is the general form of Navier Stokes equation for viscous compressible flow in
X direction.

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 Navier-Stokes Equation
𝐷𝑉𝑥 𝜕𝑃 𝜕 𝜕𝑉𝑥 2 𝜕 𝜕𝑉𝑥 𝜕𝑉𝑦 𝜕 𝜕𝑉𝑥 𝜕𝑉𝑧
X: 𝜌 = 𝑋 − 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜕𝑥 𝜇 2 − 3 𝑑𝑖𝑣. 𝑣Ԧ + 𝜕𝑦 𝜇 + + 𝜕𝑧 [𝜇 + ]
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥

This is the general form of Navier Stokes equation for viscous compressible flow in
X direction.

CASE 1: For 2D, viscous, incompressible flow 𝝆 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝒅𝒊𝒗. 𝒗 = 𝟎

𝐷𝑉𝑥 𝜕𝑃 𝜕 𝜕𝑉𝑥 𝜕 𝜕𝑉𝑥 𝜕𝑉𝑦 𝜕 𝜕𝑉𝑥

X momentum: 𝜌 = 𝑋 − 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜕𝑥 𝜇 2 + 𝜕𝑦 𝜇 + + 𝜕𝑧 𝜇
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧

𝐷𝑉𝑥 𝜕𝑃 𝜕2 𝑉𝑥 𝜕2 𝑉𝑥
𝜌 𝐷𝑡 = 𝑋 − 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜇( 𝜕𝑥 2 + 𝜕𝑦 2 ) [neglecting other terms]
𝐷𝑉𝑥 𝜕𝑃 2 2 𝜕2 𝜕2 𝜕2
𝜌 𝐷𝑡 = 𝑋 − 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜇∇ 𝑉𝑥 where, 𝛻 = 𝜕𝑥 2 + 𝜕𝑦 2+𝜕𝑧 2
𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑃
𝜌(𝑉𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝑥 +𝑉𝑦 𝜕𝑦𝑥 + 𝜕𝑡𝑥 ) = 𝑋 − 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜇𝛻 2 𝑉𝑥
Similary,
𝜕𝑉𝑦 𝜕𝑉𝑦 𝜕𝑉𝑦 𝜕𝑃 2𝑉
Y momentum : 𝜌(𝑉𝑥 𝜕𝑥 +𝑉𝑦 + ) = Y − + 𝜇𝛻 𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑦

Convective local Pressure Viscous

acceleration acceleration gradient dissipation
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 Navier-Stokes Equation
𝐷𝑉𝑥 𝜕𝑃 𝜕 𝜕𝑉𝑥 2 𝜕 𝜕𝑉𝑥 𝜕𝑉𝑦 𝜕 𝜕𝑉𝑥 𝜕𝑉𝑧
X: 𝜌 = 𝑋 − 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜕𝑥 𝜇 2 − 3 𝑑𝑖𝑣. 𝑣Ԧ + 𝜕𝑦 𝜇 + + 𝜕𝑧 [𝜇 + ]
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥

This is the general form of Navier Stokes equation for viscous compressible flow in
X direction.

CASE 2: For 2D, steady, viscous, incompressible flow

𝜕
𝝆 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 , 𝒅𝒊𝒗. 𝒗 = 𝟎 and 𝜕𝑡 = 0

X momentum:
𝜕𝑉𝑥 𝜕𝑉𝑥 𝜕𝑃
𝜌(𝑉𝑥 +𝑉𝑦 ) = 𝑋 − 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜇𝛻 2 𝑉𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Similary,
𝜕𝑉𝑦 𝜕𝑉𝑦 𝜕𝑃 2𝑉
Y momentum : 𝜌(𝑉𝑥 𝜕𝑥 +𝑉𝑦 ) = Y − + 𝜇𝛻 𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

Convective Pressure Viscous

acceleration gradient dissipation
Body force
per unit
volume
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 Flow between Parallel Flat Plates:

Consider the 2D steady laminar flow of a viscous incompressible fluid between two
parallel straight plate. We take the x-axis to be the flow direction, and y to be the
normal direction. So, y component of velocity Vy = o

𝜕𝑉𝑥 𝜕𝑉𝑦 𝝏𝑽𝒙

Then the continuity equation reduces to 𝜕𝑥
+ 𝜕𝑦
= 0 or 𝝏𝒙
= 𝟎 𝑠𝑜 𝑉𝑥 = 𝑉𝑥 𝑦
Therefore, the x-component of velocity does not change in the flow direction
(i.e., the velocity profile remains unchanged)

2D Navier Stokes equation for this case

𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑃 𝜕2 𝑉𝑥 𝜕2 𝑉𝑥
X: 𝜌 𝑉𝑥 𝑥 +𝑉𝑦 𝑥 = − + 𝜇( 2 + 2 )-----------------------1(a)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑉𝑦 𝜕𝑉𝑦 2
𝜕 𝑉𝑦 𝜕2 𝑉𝑦
𝜕𝑃
Y : 𝜌(𝑉𝑥 𝜕𝑥 +𝑉𝑦 𝜕𝑦 ) = − 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜇( 𝜕𝑥 2 + 𝜕𝑦 2 ) ------------------------1(b)
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 Flow between Parallel Flat Plates:
2D Navier Stokes equation for this case
𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑃 𝜕2 𝑉𝑥 𝜕2 𝑉𝑥
X: 𝜌 𝑉𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝑥 +𝑉𝑦 𝜕𝑦𝑥 = − 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜇( 𝜕𝑥 2 + 𝜕𝑦 2 )-----------------------1(a)
𝜕𝑉𝑦 𝜕𝑉𝑦 𝜕𝑃 𝜕2 𝑉𝑦 𝜕2 𝑉𝑦
Y : 𝜌(𝑉𝑥 +𝑉𝑦 ) = − + 𝜇( 2 + 2 ) ------------------------1(b)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑃
Eqn 1(b) reduces to = 0 −−−−− −(2)
𝜕𝑦
So the pressure depends only on X.
From eqn 1(a) we get
𝜕𝑃 𝜕 2 𝑉𝑥
0=− +𝜇
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2
𝜕𝑃 𝜕 2 𝑉𝑥
=𝜇 … … … … … … … … (3)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2
Since 𝑉𝑥 is a function of y alone the left hand side of (3) can be either a function of y
𝜕𝑃
or constant but eqn (2) shows pressure can not be a function of y so 𝜕𝑥 must be a
constant.
1 𝜕𝑃 𝑦 2
By integrating eqn (3) twice we get 𝑉𝑥 = + 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐵 … … … . 4 This is the
𝜇 𝜕𝑥 2
general solution of velocity of flow between parallel plates.
Where A, B are integration constant whose values are to be determined by the
boundary conditions of each type of flow.
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 Flow between Parallel Flat Plates:

Case 1: Couette Flow:

Couette flow is the flow between two parallel plates one of which is at rest and
other moving with a velocity V parallel with the fixed plate.

general solution of velocity from eqn (4)

1 𝜕𝑃 𝑦 2
𝑉𝑥 = 𝜇 𝜕𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐵
2

Here in coquette flow fluid motion is maintained by the motion of the upper plate
𝜕𝑃
rather than the pressure gradient , So 𝜕𝑥 = 0
𝑉𝑥 = 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐵 ………………………….(5)
Here boundary conditions are at y=o; Vx=0 and at y=L ; Vx = V
Applying these conditions in eqn (5) we get
𝑦
B=0 and A=
𝑉
So 𝑉𝑥 = 𝑉 this is the equation of coquette flow.
𝐿 𝐿

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 Flow between Parallel Flat Plates:

Case 1: Hagen-Poiseuille Flow:

L

Hagen-Poiseuille Flow is the flow between two parallel plates when both of which
are at rest.

general solution of velocity from eqn (4)

1 𝜕𝑃 𝑦 2
𝑉𝑥 = 𝜇 𝜕𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐵
2

Here boundary conditions are at y=o; Vx=0 and at y=L ; Vx = 0

Applying these conditions in eqn (5) we get
1 𝜕𝑃 𝑦 2 𝑦𝐿 𝜕𝑃
B=0 and A=
𝐿 𝜕𝑃
− 2𝜇 𝜕𝑥 So 𝑉𝑥 = −
𝜇 𝜕𝑥 2 2𝜇 𝜕𝑥
this is the equation of Hagen-Poiseuille flow.

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