HEAT TRANSFER BY CONVECTION

Arranged By
PROF. DR. ASAD NAEEM SHAH
anaeems@uet.edu.pk
 MASS CONTINUITY AND MOMENTUM EQUATIONS
FOR LAMINAR BOUNDARY LAYER (LBL)
Consider the elemental control volume (CV) as shown in Fig.1
Assume the unit depth along the z-axis.
The mass entering the left face of the element per unit
time = 𝜌𝑢 𝑑𝑦 1
𝜕𝑢
The mass flow leaving the right face = 𝜌 𝑢 + 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥
The mass flow entering the bottom face = 𝜌𝑣 𝑑𝑥 1
𝜕𝑣
Fig. 1 The mass flow leaving the top face = 𝜌 𝑣 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑦

Heat and Mass Transfer by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah

Mass Continuity and Momentum Equations for LBL Cont.
A mass balance on the element is:
mass entering the CV = mass leaving the CV
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝜌𝑢 𝑑𝑦 + 𝜌𝑣 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜌 𝑢 + 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + 𝜌 𝑣 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
⇒0=𝜌 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝜌 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒗
⇒ + =𝟎
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚

Above equation is the mass continuity equation for the laminar boundary layer.

Heat and Mass Transfer by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah

 Mass Continuity and Momentum Equations for LBL Cont.
Now considering the momentum:
The momentum flux entering the left face per unit time = 𝜌𝑢2 𝑑𝑦 1
𝜕𝑢 2
The momentum flux rate leaving the right face = 𝜌 𝑢 + 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥
The momentum flux in the x direction that enters the bottom face = 𝜌𝑣𝑢 𝑑𝑥 1
The momentum in the x direction that leaves the top face
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢
=𝜌 𝑣 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑢 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
The pressure force on the left face = 𝑃𝑑𝑦(1)
The pressure force on the right face = − 𝑃 + 𝜕𝑃Τ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦(1)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑃
The net pressure force in the direction of motion = − 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥
Heat and Mass Transfer by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah
 Mass Continuity and Momentum Equations for LBL Cont.
𝜕𝑢
The viscous-shear force on the bottom face = −𝜇 𝑑𝑥(1)
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑢
The shear force on the top = 𝜇 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕2 𝑢
The net viscous-shear force in the direction of motion = 𝜇 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑦
Since increase in momentum flux (i.e., momentum leaving minus momentum
entering the CV) in x-direction = Sum of the net forces acting on the element
in x-direction:
2
𝜕𝑢 2
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢
𝜌 𝑢+ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 𝜌𝑢 𝑑𝑦 + 𝜌 𝑣 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑢+ 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 𝜌𝑣𝑢𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕𝑝
= 𝜇 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Heat and Mass Transfer by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah
Mass Continuity and Momentum Equations for LBL Cont.
After neglecting second-order differentials, we have:
2
𝜕𝑢 2
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝜌𝑢 𝑑𝑦 + 2𝜌𝑢 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝜌𝑢 𝑑𝑦 + 𝜌𝑣𝑢𝑑𝑥 + 𝜌𝑣 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝜌𝑢 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝜌𝑣𝑢𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕𝑝
= 𝜇 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕 2 𝑢 𝜕𝑝
⇒ 2𝜌𝑢 + 𝜌𝑣 + 𝜌𝑢 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝜇 2 − 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝒖
Making use of the mass continuity equation, (i.e., =− )
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑝 𝜕2𝑢
2𝜌𝑢 + 𝜌𝑣 − 𝜌𝑢 =𝜇 2−
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝟐 𝒖 𝝏𝒑
⇒𝝆 𝒖 +𝒗 =𝝁 𝟐−
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙

Above equation is called the momentum equation of the laminar boundary layer.
Heat and Mass Transfer by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah
 A USEFUL RELATION FOR FLUIDS WITH LOW
PRANDTL NUMBERS
As the Nusselt number for laminar flow is given as:
1 1
𝑁𝑢𝑥 = 0.332 𝑅𝑒𝑥2 𝑃𝑟 3

Above expression is applicable to fluids having 𝑃𝑟 between 0.6 and 50.

However, for fluids with low Prandtl numbers (like liquid metals) or too high Prandtl
numbers (like heavy oils or silicones), Churchill and Ozoe introduced the following
expression for laminar flow on an isothermal flat plate:

1 1
0.3387 𝑅𝑒𝑥2 𝑃𝑟 3
𝑁𝑢𝑥 = 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑅𝑒𝑥 𝑃𝑟 > 100
2 4
0.0468 3
1+
Pr Heat and Mass Transfer by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah
 EXAMPLE
Engine oil at 20℃ is forced over a 20-cm-square plate at a velocity of 1.2 m/s. The
plate is heated to a uniform temperature of 60℃. Calculate the heat lost by the
entire plate.

SOLUTION

Heat and Mass Transfer by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah

 −

Heat and Mass Transfer by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah

 BULK TEMPERATURE AND THE CONCEPT OF
CONVECTION
The term mean bulk temperature (𝑇𝑏 ) denotes the equilibrium temperature that
would result if the fluid at a cross-section was thoroughly mixed in an adiabatic
container.
The bulk temperature for the fluid being heated or cooled during its flow through
the tube may be taken to be the arithmetic mean of the temperatures at the inlet
to and exit from the tube i.e.,
𝑇𝑖 + 𝑇𝑒
𝑇𝑏 = (𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑇𝑒 = 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥,𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 ; 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦)
2
The mean film temperature is then calculated as: 𝑇𝑓 = 𝑇𝑏+𝑇𝑤 ൗ2 (i.e., mean of the
solid surface and undistributed temperature of fluid).
In such a case, heat gained by the fluid is equal to the convective heat transfer from
the tube surface or wall i.e.,
𝑚𝑐ሶ 𝑝 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = ℎ𝑐 𝐴 𝑇𝑤 − 𝑇𝑏
Heat and Mass Transfer by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah
 PROBLEM
50-kg water is heated per minute from 30 to 70℃ by pumping it through a certain
heated section of a 25 mm diameter tube. If the surface of the heated section is
maintained at 110℃, find the length of heated section and the rate of heat transfer
from the tube to water. Assume convective heat transfer coefficient as 9765
𝑊/𝑚2 ℃ and 𝑐𝑝 = 4195 𝐽/𝑘𝑔℃

Hint: 𝑚𝑐
ሶ 𝑝 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = ℎ𝑐 𝐴 𝑇𝑤 − 𝑇𝑏
Ans: 𝐿 = 3.04 𝑚 & 𝑞 = 1.34 × 105 𝑊

Heat and Mass Transfer by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah

 ENERGY EQUATION OF THE BOUNDARY LAYER
Consider the elemental control volume (CV) as shown in Fig.1.

To simplify the analysis , following

are the assumptions:
a) Incompressible steady flow
b) Constant viscosity, thermal
conductivity, and specific heat
Fig. 1
c) Negligible heat conduction in
the direction of flow (in x-
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
direction), i.e., ≪
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Heat and Mass Transfer by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah

 ENERGY EQUATION OF THE BOUNDARY LAYER Cont.
The energy balance for S.S case may be written as:
Energy convected in left face + energy convected in bottom face + heat conducted in
bottom face + net viscous work done on the element = Energy convected out right
face + energy convected out top face + heat conducted out top face
⇒ ∆𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣, 𝑥 + ∆𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣, 𝑦 + ∆𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑,𝑦 + 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 0 … 𝑬𝒒. (𝟏)
Now

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑇
∆𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣, 𝑥 = 𝑞𝑖𝑛 − 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝜌𝑢𝑑𝑦 𝑐𝑝 𝑇 − 𝜌 𝑢 + 𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑝 𝑇 + 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑢
⇒ ∆𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣, 𝑥 = 𝜌𝑢𝑑𝑦 𝑐𝑝 𝑇 − 𝜌𝑐𝑝 𝑑𝑦 𝑢𝑇 + 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑇 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑢
⇒ ∆𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣, 𝑥 = −𝜌𝑐𝑝 𝑑𝑦. 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 +𝑇 →→ 𝑬𝒒. (𝟐)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
Heat and Mass Transfer by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah
 ENERGY EQUATION OF THE BOUNDARY LAYER Cont.
Similarly,
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑇
∆𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣, 𝑦 = 𝑞𝑖𝑛 − 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝜌𝑣𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑝 𝑇 − 𝜌 𝑣 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑐𝑝 𝑇 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑣
⇒ ∆𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣, 𝑦 = 𝜌𝑣𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑝 𝑇 − 𝜌𝑐𝑝 𝑑𝑥 𝑣𝑇 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑇 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑣
⇒ ∆𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣, 𝑦 = −𝜌𝑐𝑝 𝑑𝑥. 𝑑𝑦 𝑣 +𝑇 →→ 𝑬𝒒. (𝟑)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
Also,
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕2𝑇
∆𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑,𝑦 = −𝑘𝑑𝑥 + 𝑘𝑑𝑥 + 𝑘. 𝑑𝑥. 𝑑𝑦 2
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕2𝑇
⇒ ∆𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑,𝑦 = 𝑘. 𝑑𝑥. 𝑑𝑦 2 →→ 𝑬𝒒. (𝟒)
𝜕𝑦
Heat and Mass Transfer by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah
 ENERGY EQUATION OF THE BOUNDARY LAYER Cont.
The viscous work may be computed as a product of the net viscous-shear force and the
distance this force moves in unit time.
The viscous-shear force is the product of the shear-stress and the area dx(1) i.e.,
𝜕𝑢
𝐹𝑠 = 𝜇 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑦
The distance through which this force moves in unit time is calculated as the relative
velocity of fluid flow at the upper and lower faces of the element in unit time:
𝜕𝑢
𝑆= 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑦
Thus, the net viscous work (energy) delivered to the element is:
2
𝜕𝑢
𝑞𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑠 =𝜇 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 →→ 𝑬𝒒. (𝟓)
𝜕𝑦
Heat and Mass Transfer by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah
 ENERGY EQUATION OF THE BOUNDARY LAYER Cont.
From equations (1) to (5):

𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑣 𝜕2𝑇
−𝜌𝑐𝑝 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑇 𝑑𝑥 − 𝜌𝑐𝑝 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑣 +𝑇 + 𝑘 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
2
𝜕𝑢
+𝜇 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝜕𝑦
2 2
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑣 𝜕 𝑇 𝜕𝑢
⇒ −𝜌𝑐𝑝 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑢 +𝑇 +𝑣 +𝑇 + 𝑘 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 2 + 𝜇 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0 → (𝟔)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
From continuity equation we have:
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
=−
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
2
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕2𝑇 𝜕𝑢
⇒ −𝜌𝑐𝑝 𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑘 2
+𝜇 =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
Heat and Mass Transfer by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah
 ENERGY EQUATION OF THE BOUNDARY LAYER Cont.
2
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝑘 𝜕2𝑇 𝜇 𝜕𝑢
⇒ 𝑢 +𝑣 = 2
+
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜌𝑐𝑝 𝜕𝑦 𝜌𝑐𝑝 𝜕𝑦
2
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕2𝑇 𝜇 𝜕𝑢
⇒𝑢 +𝑣 =𝛼 2+ →→ 𝑬𝒒. (𝟕)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜌𝑐𝑝 𝜕𝑦
Eq.(7) is the energy equation of the laminar boundary layer(LBL). The left side
represents the net transport of energy into the control volume, and the right side
represents the sum of the net heat conducted out of the control volume and the net
viscous work done on the element.
The viscous-work term is of importance only at high velocities since its magnitude will
be small compared with the other terms when low-velocity flow is studied.
Thus, for low-velocity incompressible flow, Eq. (7) becomes:
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕2𝑇
⇒𝑢 +𝑣 = 𝛼 2 →→ 𝑬𝒒. (𝟖)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
Heat and Mass Transfer by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah
 ENERGY EQUATION OF THE BOUNDARY LAYER Cont.
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕𝑝
Also, we have the momentum equation i.e., 𝜌 𝑢 + 𝑣 = 𝜇 2 − from
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
previous article. At constant pressure, however, this momentum equation
becomes:
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕2𝑢
𝑢 +𝑣 = 𝜗 2 →→ 𝑬𝒒. 𝟗
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
As there is a striking similarity between Eq. (8) and Eq. (9), so the solution to the
two equations will lead exactly to the same form when 𝜗 = 𝛼 .
Thus, the relative magnitudes of the kinematic viscosity (momentum diffusivity) &
thermal diffusivity play a pivotal role in convection heat transfer since these
magnitudes relate the velocity distribution to the temperature distribution.

Heat and Mass Transfer by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah

 THERMAL BOUNDARY LAYER (TBL) & INTEGRAL ENERGY
EQUATION (IEE)
• A thermal boundary layer may be defined as the region where temperature gradients are
present in the flow. These temperature gradients would result from a heat-exchange
process between the fluid and the wall.
• Consider the system shown in Fig. 1. The temperature of the wall is 𝑇𝑤 , the temperature of
the fluid outside the TBL is 𝑇∞ , and the thickness of the TBL is designated as 𝛿𝑡 .

At the wall, velocity is zero and the heat transfer

into the fluid takes place by conduction. Thus, the
local heat flux per unit area (𝑞 ′′ ), is:

𝑞 ′′
𝜕𝑇
= 𝑞 = −𝑘 … . 𝑬𝒒. (𝟏)
𝐴 𝜕𝑦 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙

Fig. 1: Temperature profile in TBL Arranged by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah
 THERMAL BOUNDARY LAYER & IEE Cont.
• From the Newton’s law of cooling:
𝑞 ′′ = ℎ 𝑇𝑤 − 𝑇∞ … . 𝑬𝒒. (𝟐)
• Combining equations (1) & (2) to get the convection heat-transfer coefficient as:
−𝑘 𝜕T/𝜕𝑦 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙
ℎ= … . 𝑬𝒒. (𝟑)
𝑇𝑤 − 𝑇∞
• Thus, in order to evaluate ℎ only temperature gradient at the wall is required
which is found by obtaining an expression for the temperature distribution. The
conditions that the temperature distribution must satisfy are as follows:
At 𝑦 = 0, 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑤 → (𝑎)
𝜕𝑇
At 𝑦 = 𝛿𝑡 , = 0 → (𝑏)
𝜕𝑦
At 𝑦 = 𝛿𝑡 , 𝑇 = 𝑇∞ → (𝑐)
Arranged by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah
 THE THERMAL BOUNDARY LAYER & IEE Cont.
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕2 𝑇
• The equation 𝑢 + 𝑣 = 𝛼 2 (i.e., the net transport of energy given by Eqn. (8) of
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
the previous article) at 𝑦 = 0 with no viscous heating leads to:
𝜕2𝑇
𝐴𝑡 𝑦 = 0 2 = 0 → (𝑑)
𝜕𝑦
• Conditions (a) to (d) may be fitted to a cubic polynomial as in the case of velocity profile
(i.e., Eqn. (5) of the previous article Laminar Boundary Layer thickness on a Flat Plate) as:
3
𝜃 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑤 3𝑦 1 𝑦
= = − … . 𝑬𝒒. (𝟒)
𝜃∞ 𝑇∞ − 𝑇𝑤 2 𝛿𝑡 2 𝛿𝑡
• Now the expression for 𝛿𝑡 (i.e., thermal-boundary-layer thickness) may be obtained by an
integral analysis of the energy equation for the boundary layer by considering the control
volume bounded by the planes 1, 2, A-A, and the wall as shown in Fig. 2.

Arranged by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah

 THE THERMAL BOUNDARY LAYER & IEE Cont.

It is assumed that the TBL is

thinner than the hydrodynamic
boundary layer (HBL) as shown in
Fig. 2.
Here, the wall temperature is 𝑇𝑤 ,
the free-stream temperature is 𝑇∞ ,
and the heat given up to the fluid
over the length 𝑑𝑥 is 𝑑𝑞𝑤 .

Fig. 2: Control volume for integral energy analysis of laminar boundary flow.

Arranged by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah

 THE THERMAL BOUNDARY LAYER & IEE Cont.
• From the energy balance:
Energy convected in + viscous work within element + heat transfer at the wall
= Energy convected out … . 𝑬𝒒. (𝟓)
𝐻
• The energy convected in through plane 1 = 𝜌𝑐𝑝 ‫׬‬0 𝑢 𝑇 𝑑𝑦 1 → (𝑖)
𝐻 𝜕 𝐻
• The energy convected out through plane 2 = 𝜌𝑐𝑝 ‫׬‬0 𝑢 𝑇 𝑑𝑦 + 𝜌𝑐𝑝 ‫׬‬0 𝑢 𝑇 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 → (𝑖𝑖)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕 𝐻
• The mass flow (𝑚) through plane A-A = ‫׬‬0 𝜌𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑥
𝜕 𝐻
• The energy carried with mass 𝑚 = 𝑐𝑝 𝑇∞ ‫׬‬0 𝜌𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
𝜕𝑥

𝐻 𝜕𝑢 2
• The net viscous work done within the element = 𝜇 ‫׬‬0 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 → (𝑖𝑣)

𝜕𝑇
• The heat transfer at the wall = 𝑑𝑞𝑤 = −𝑘 𝑑𝑥 ቃ → (𝑣)
𝜕𝑦 𝑤
Arranged by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah
 THE THERMAL BOUNDARY LAYER & IEE Cont.
• Combining these energy quantities as per Eqn. (5) 𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝑖 + 𝑖𝑖𝑖 + 𝑖𝑣 + 𝑣 = (𝑖𝑖) :
𝐻 𝐻 𝐻 2
𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑇
𝜌𝑐𝑝 න 𝑢 𝑇 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑐𝑝 𝑇∞ න 𝜌𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝜇 න 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 −𝑘 𝑑𝑥 ቉
0 𝜕𝑥 0 0 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑤
𝐻 𝐻
𝜕
= 𝜌𝑐𝑝 න 𝑢 𝑇 𝑑𝑦 + 𝜌𝑐𝑝 න 𝑢 𝑇 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0 𝜕𝑥 0

𝐻 𝐻 2
𝜕 𝜇 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑇
⇒ න 𝑇∞ − 𝑇 𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝛼 ቉ 𝑑𝑥 … . 𝑬𝒒. (𝟓)
𝜕𝑥 0 𝜌𝑐𝑝 0 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑤

• Above Eq. (5) is known as the Integral Energy Equation (IEE) of the thermal boundary layer
for constant properties and constant free-stream temperature 𝑇∞ , where the term
𝜇 𝐻 𝜕𝑢 2
𝜌𝑐𝑝
‫׬‬0 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 is known as the viscous work done within the element.
Arranged by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah
 HEAT TRANSFER PROCESS IN LAMINAR TUBE FLOW
Consider the tube-flow system in which the heat transfer under the developed &
laminar flow conditions is required to be calculated (Fig. 1).
The wall temperature is 𝑇𝑤 , the radius of the tube is 𝑟𝑜 , and the velocity at the
center of the tube is 𝑢0 . It is assumed that the pressure is uniform at any cross-
section.

Fig. 1: Control volume (C.V) for energy analysis in tube flow.

Heat and Mass Transfer by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah
HEAT TRANSFER PROCESS IN LAMINAR TUBE FLOW Cont.
The velocity distribution may be derived by considering the fluid element shown in
Fig.2. The pressure forces are balanced by the viscous-shear forces so that:
2
𝑑𝑢
−𝜋𝑟 𝑑𝑝 = 𝜏 2𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑥 = −𝜇 2𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑟
1 𝑑𝑝
⇒ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑟𝑑𝑟
2𝜇 𝑑𝑥

Fig. 2: Force balance on fluid element in tube flow.

Heat and Mass Transfer by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah
HEAT TRANSFER PROCESS IN LAMINAR TUBE FLOW Cont.
1 𝑑𝑝 2
⇒𝑢= 𝑟 + 𝐶 →→ (1)
4𝜇 𝑑𝑥
With the boundary condition, when 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑜 ; 𝑢 = 0
1 𝑑𝑝 2
⇒𝐶=− 𝑟𝑜
4𝜇 𝑑𝑥
Eqn. (1) leads to:
1 𝑑𝑝 2
𝑢= 𝑟 − 𝑟𝑜2 →→ (2)
4𝜇 𝑑𝑥
The velocity at the center of the tube (i.e., at 𝑟 = 0) is:
𝑟𝑜2 𝑑𝑝
𝑢0 = − →→ (3)
4𝜇 𝑑𝑥
So, the velocity distribution is given {by eqns. (2) & (3)} as:
𝑢 𝑟2
= 1 − 2 →→ (4)
𝑢0 𝑟𝑜
Heat and Mass Transfer by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah
 HEAT TRANSFER PROCESS IN LAMINAR TUBE FLOW Cont.
Now consider the heat transfer through an elementary ring of thickness "𝑑𝑟" and length
"𝑑𝑥" as shown in the Fig.1.
To simplify the analysis, it is assumed that pressure is uniform at any x-section & there is
𝑑𝑞
a constant heat flux at the tube wall i.e., 𝑤 = 0. So, only radial conduction is considered
𝑑𝑥
here.
Thus, the heat flow conducted into the annular element is:
𝜕𝑇 𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑞𝑟 = −𝑘 2𝜋𝑟 𝑑𝑥 →→ (5) ∵ 𝑞 = −𝑘𝐴𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴𝑟 = 2𝜋𝑟 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑟 𝑑𝑟
Heat conducted out of the annular element:
𝜕 𝜕𝑇
𝑑𝑞𝑟+𝑑𝑟 = −𝑘 2𝜋 𝑟 + 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑥 𝑇+ 𝑑𝑟
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑇 𝜕 2 𝑇
⇒ 𝑑𝑞𝑟+𝑑𝑟 = −𝑘 2𝜋 𝑟 + 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑟 →→ (6)
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
Heat and Mass Transfer by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah
HEAT TRANSFER PROCESS IN LAMINAR TUBE FLOW Cont.
The net heat conducted into the element is:
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 2 𝑇
𝑑𝑞𝑟 − 𝑑𝑞𝑟+𝑑𝑟 = −𝑘 2𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑥 + 𝑘 2𝜋 𝑟 + 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑟
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
⇒ 𝑑𝑞𝑟 − 𝑑𝑞𝑟+𝑑𝑟
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕2𝑇 𝜕𝑇
= −𝑘 2𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑥 + 𝑘 2𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑥 + 𝑘 2𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑟 + 𝑘 2𝜋𝑑𝑟𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
𝜕 2𝑇
+ 𝑘 2𝜋 𝑑𝑟 2 𝑑𝑥 2
𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑇 𝜕2𝑇
⇒ 𝑑𝑞𝑟 − 𝑑𝑞𝑟+𝑑𝑟 = 2𝜋𝑘 + 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑥. 𝑑𝑟 →→ (7)
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
(By clearing & neglecting 2nd order terms)
However, the net heat convected out of the element (axial enthalpy transport):
𝜕𝑇
𝑑𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = 𝜌 2𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑟 𝑢 𝑐𝑝 𝑑𝑥 →→ (8)
𝜕𝑥
Heat and Mass Transfer by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah
 HEAT TRANSFER PROCESS IN LAMINAR TUBE FLOW Cont.
The energy balance on the annular element:
Net heat conducted in the element = Net heat convected out of the element
𝜕𝑇 𝜕2𝑇 𝜕𝑇
⇒ 2𝜋 𝑘 + 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑟 = 2𝜋 𝜌𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑝 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑟
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑥
𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜌𝑐𝑝 𝜕𝑇
⇒ 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑢
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑘 𝜕𝑥
𝝏 𝝏𝑻 𝟏 𝝏𝑻
⇒ 𝒓 = 𝒓𝒖 →→ (9)
𝝏𝒓 𝝏𝒓 𝜶 𝝏𝒙
Putting the value of 𝑢 i.e., Eq. (4) in Eq. (9)
𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝑟 𝜕𝑇 𝑟2
𝑟 = 𝑢𝑜 1 − 2 →→ (10)
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝛼 𝜕𝑥 𝑟0
Heat and Mass Transfer by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah
HEAT TRANSFER PROCESS IN LAMINAR TUBE FLOW Cont.
𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝑢0 𝜕𝑇 𝑟3
⇒ 𝑟 = 𝑟− 2
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝛼 𝜕𝑥 𝑟0
Integration will lead to:
𝜕𝑇 𝑢0 𝜕𝑇 𝑟 2 𝑟4
⇒𝑟 = − 2 + 𝐶1 →→ (11)
𝜕𝑟 𝛼 𝜕𝑥 2 4𝑟0
𝜕𝑇 𝑢0 𝜕𝑇 𝑟 𝑟3 𝐶1
⇒ = − 2 +
𝜕𝑟 𝛼 𝜕𝑥 2 4𝑟0 𝑟
Again integrating
𝑢0 𝜕𝑇 𝑟 2 𝑟4
⇒𝑇= − 2 + 𝐶1 ln 𝑟 + 𝐶2 →→ (12)
𝛼 𝜕𝑥 4 16𝑟0

Heat and Mass Transfer by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah

HEAT TRANSFER PROCESS IN LAMINAR TUBE FLOW Cont.
Applying the boundary conditions:
𝜕𝑇
➢ At 𝑟 = 0; = 0, the Eqn. (11) leads to:
𝜕𝑥
⇒ 𝑪𝟏 = 𝟎
➢ From Eqn. (12), when 𝑟 = 0; 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑐 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
⇒ 𝑻𝒄 = 𝑪𝟐
𝑢0 𝜕𝑇 𝑟 2 𝑟4
⇒𝑇= − 2 + 𝑇𝑐
𝛼 𝜕𝑥 4 16𝑟0
𝟐 𝟒
𝒖𝟎 𝒓𝟐𝟎 𝝏𝑻 𝒓 𝟏 𝒓 𝑟02 𝑑𝑝
⇒ 𝑻 − 𝑻𝒄 = − →→ 13 where 𝑢0 = −
𝟒𝜶 𝝏𝒙 𝒓𝟎 𝟒 𝒓𝟎 4𝑢 𝑑𝑥
Above Eq. (13) shows the temperature distribution or temperature field.
Heat and Mass Transfer by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah
 HOME ASSIGNMENT

EXCERSIZE PROBLEMS:
5.15, 18, 19,20, 23, 30, 31, 33

Heat Transfer By J.P Holman, 10th Edition

+
Related Problems from Heat Transfer By Yunus A Cengel, 2nd Edition

Heat and Mass Transfer by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah

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