Course: FLUID MECHANICS

Program: BS Civil Engineering – 3

Instructor: Engr. John Carlo B. Mampusti
BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
Using Newton's second law in s-direction:
ΣFs = m as
𝐹𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 + 𝐹𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠
Mass of the fluid element: 𝑚 = 𝜌𝑉 = 𝜌𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑆

Net force due to pressure: 𝐹𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝑃 𝑑𝐴 − 𝑃 + 𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝐴

𝑭𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 = −𝒅𝑷𝒅𝑨
Force due to gravity:
𝐹𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 = −𝑊𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑑𝑧
Since, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑑𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑊 = 𝛾 𝑉

𝒅𝒛
Therefore; 𝑭𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒚 = −𝑾(𝒅𝒔)

𝒅𝒛 10
Or 𝑭𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒚 = −𝜸𝒅𝑨𝒅𝑺
𝒅𝒔
BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
𝐹𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 + 𝐹𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠
𝑑𝑧
−𝑑𝑃𝑑𝐴 − γ𝑑𝐴𝑑𝑆 = 𝜌𝑑𝐴𝑑𝑆(𝑎𝑡 )
𝑑𝑠

Divide both side by dAdS

𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝑧
− −𝛾 = 𝜌𝑎𝑡
𝑑𝑆 𝑑𝑠
Differential equation for acceleration in the s-direction,

𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑧
− −𝛾 = 𝜌𝑎𝑡
𝜕𝑆 𝜕𝑠

incompressible flow (γ = constant)

𝜕
− 𝑃 + 𝛾𝑧 = 𝜌𝑎𝑡
𝜕𝑆
BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
tangential component of acceleration 𝑎𝑡 :
𝑑𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉
𝑎= =𝑉 +
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑡
For Steady flow: ∂V / ∂t = 0,
Properties along a streamline depend only on the distance s, so take
ordinary derivatives, we have,
𝜕
− 𝑃 + 𝛾𝑧 = 𝜌𝑎𝑡
𝜕𝑆
𝜕 𝜕𝑉 𝜕 𝑉2
− 𝑃 + 𝛾𝑧 = 𝜌𝑉 =𝜌 ( )
𝜕𝑆 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑠 2
𝜕 𝜕 ρ𝑉 2
− 𝑃 + 𝛾𝑧 = ( )
𝜕𝑆 𝜕𝑠 2
𝜕 𝜕 ρ𝑉 2
𝑃 + 𝛾𝑧 + =0
𝜕𝑆 𝜕𝑠 2
𝜕 ρ𝑉 2 𝝆𝑽𝟐
𝑃 + 𝛾𝑧 + =0 𝑷 + 𝜸𝒛 + = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝜕𝑆 2 𝟐
BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
𝝆𝑽𝟐
𝑷+ + 𝜸𝒛 = 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 Pressure at any point is constant
𝟐
• Total pressure.

• Hydrostatic pressure, fluid weight on pressure.

• Dynamic pressure; it represents the pressure rise when the fluid in motion is brought to a stop isentropically.
• Static pressure (it does not incorporate any dynamic effects); it represents the actual thermodynamic pressure of the
fluid.

• The sum of the static and dynamic pressures is called the stagnation pressure, where the elevation effects are
neglected.
 The sum of the static and dynamic pressures is
called the stagnation pressure, where the elevation
effects are neglected.

• The streamline where the elevated potential is neglected is termed stagnation

streamline.
• Stagnation points, a point which is the end of stagnation streamline on the object. V=0.
and all of the kinetic energy converts into a pressure rise.
• For symmetric object, stagnation is clearly at the tip or front.
BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
POWER AND EFFICIENCY
𝝆𝑽𝟐
𝑷𝑻 = 𝑷 + + 𝜸𝒛 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟, 𝑷 = 𝑸𝜸𝑬
𝟐
𝑷𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕
𝟏 𝝆𝑽𝟐 𝟏 𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 =
[𝑷𝑻 = 𝑷 + + 𝜸𝒛] 𝑷𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕
𝜸 𝟐 𝜸
Where;
𝟐
𝑷 𝑽 Q = Flow rate
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒅, 𝑬 = + + 𝒛 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 (at any point)
𝜸 𝟐𝒈 E=total Energy head
γ= unit weight of liquid
Elevation Head
Conversion;
1Horsepower (hp)=746watts
Velocity Head
=550lb-ft/s
=1 J/s
Pressure Head
BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
𝑷 𝑽𝟐
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒅, 𝑬 = + +𝒛
𝜸 𝟐𝒈

𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐
+ + 𝒛𝟏 = + + 𝒛𝟐 Theoretical
𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈

𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐
+ + 𝒛𝟏 = + + 𝒛𝟐 + 𝐇. 𝐋
𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈 Actual

H. L = Headloss
Slope of Energy Grade Line, S
𝐻𝐿
𝑆=
𝐿
ENERGY GRADE LINE VS. HYDRAULIC GRADE LINE

𝐸𝐺𝐿 = 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 + 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑

+𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑

𝐻𝐺𝐿 = 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 + 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑

HEAD ADDED VS. HEAD EXTRACTED

PUMP – Head Added (H.A) TURBINE – Head Added (H.A)

𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐
+ + 𝒛𝟏 + 𝑯. 𝑨 = + + 𝒛𝟐 + 𝐇. 𝐋
𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐
+ + 𝒛𝟏 − 𝑯. 𝑬 = + + 𝒛𝟐 + 𝐇. 𝐋
𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈

𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐
+ + 𝒛𝟏 = + + 𝒛𝟐 + 𝐇. 𝐋 + 𝐇. 𝐄
𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈
PUMP – Head Added (H.A) TURBINE – Head Added (H.A)

𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐
+ + 𝒛𝟏 + 𝑯. 𝑨 = + + 𝒛𝟐 + 𝐇. 𝐋
𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈
𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐
+ + 𝒛𝟏 = + + 𝒛𝟐 + 𝐇. 𝐋 + 𝐇. 𝐄
𝑷𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 = 𝑸 𝜸 (𝑯. 𝑨) 𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈

𝑷𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 = 𝑸 𝜸 (𝑯. 𝑬)
Conversion;
1Horsepower (hp)=746watts
=550lb-ft/s
=1 J/s
Example 1: A section of pipe shown has diameters of 300 mm and 450 mm at sections 1 and 2, respectively. If
water is flowing in the pipe at a velocity of 5 m/s, and Pressure of 14kPa at section 2, find the ff:
(a) Velocity at section 1. (b) Pressure at section 1. (c) Flow rate at section 2. (d) Weight flow rate. (e) Mass flow
rate.
Example 2: The head loss from section 1 to section 2 in the pipe system shown is 2.1 m and the head loss from
section 2 to 3 is 4.9 m. If the velocity of flow at 1 is 1.8 m/s and the pressure is 180 kPa, (a) Find the discharge. (b)
Find the velocity at point 3. (c) Find the pressure at point 3.
Example 3: A 50-mm-diameter siphon is drawing oil (s.g. = 0.82) from an oil reservoir, as shown. The head loss
from point 1 to point 2 is 1.50 m and from point 2 to point 3 is 2.40 m. (a) Calculate the exit velocity. (b) What is
the discharge? (c) Calculate the pressure at point 2.
Example 4: Water is discharged through nozzle having a diameter of the jet of 100mm at a velocity of 60m/s at
a point 240m below the reservoir.
a. Compute the Total headloss
b. Compute the power lost in friction

reservoir

240m
 Example 5: For the water shooting out from the hose and nozzle under the condition
shown, compute the ff: Neglect friction loss.
a. Velocity at the pipe/hose
b. Velocity at the nozzle
c. Height above the nozzle.

D=100mm

D=200mm
Example 6: Water enters a motor through a 600mm diameter pipe under a pressure of 14kPa. It leaves through
900mm diameter exhaust pipe with a pressure of 4kPa. A vertical distance of 2.5m seperates the centers of the
two pipes at the sections where pressures are measured. If 500L of waters pass through the motor each
seconds, compute the input horsepower of the turbine. If the efficiency is 86%, compute the its output in HP

MOTOR
Example 7: From a reservoir whose surface elevation is at 30m, the water is being pump to an elevation of
95m. The total energy head loss is 21.5m. If the discharge is to e maintained at 480L/s, determine the required
horse power of the pump.

pump
Example 8: A pump draws water from reservoir A to B at a rate of 20L per second. The loss of head from A to
1 is 3 times the velocity headloss of in 150mm diameter pipe, and the headloss from 2 to B is 20 times the
velocity in 100mm diameter pipe.
a. Determine the horsepower output of the pump.
b. Compute the pressure at point 1 and 2

El.240m
B

A El. 0m

1 P 2
El. - 20m
150mm 100mm
Example 8: A pump draws water from reservoir A to B at a rate of 20L per second. The loss of head from A to
1 is 3 times the velocity headloss of in 150mm diameter pipe, and the headloss from 2 to B is 20 times the
velocity in 100mm diameter pipe.
a. Determine the horsepower output of the pump.
b. Compute the pressure at point 1 and 2

El.240m
B

A El. 0m

1 P 2
El. - 20m
150mm 100mm