FLUID FLOW MEASUREMENT

ORIFICE (PART 2)
Prepared by:

E N G R . P R E C I O U S P R I N C E S S T. S A B A
Instructor
 Cont’n:
HEAD, H – total head producing flow in meters or feet of
flowing fluid.
 It can be noted that H is the sum of flow energy
upstream less the flow energy downstream or

WELCOME 𝑯 = 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒅 𝒖𝒑𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 − 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒅 𝑫𝒐𝒘𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎

MESSAGE
Upstream
side

Downstream
side
 03
VALUES OF H FOR VARIOUS CONDITIONS
1) Fluid inside an open tank:
A
o In this condition, PA and PB are both zero, since they are exposed to
the atmosphere.
o VA can be considered as zero since the container is large enough to
h
make the fluid inside to be stagnant. Thus,
vA2 PA PB
Total head, H = h + +( − )
B 2g γ γ
H = h + 0 + (0 – 0)
H=h
2) Fluid inside a closed tank:
o In this condition, PA has a value and PB is zero
A PA o VA can be considered as zero, same as the first condition.
vA2 P PB
Total head, H = h + 2g + ( γA − )
γliquid h γ

tea
P
H = h + 0 + ( A– 0)
γ
𝐏𝑨
Skill B 80% H=h+
𝜸

Skill 90%
 3) Layers of fluid are inside of a closed tank:
o Same as condition #2, PA has a value and PB is zero
A PA o VA can be considered as zero, same as the first condition.
o If a container contains different layers of liquid, the liquids should be
γ1 h1 converted into a homogeneous liquid (it’s convenient that the liquids will be
converted into liquid which will be drained first)
γ2 h2 ϒh
h1’ = ϒ1 1
B 2
vA2 P P
Total head, H = h + 2g + ( γA − γB)
ϒh P
H = h2 + 1 1 + 0 + ( A– 0) h1
ϒ2 γ2 = h1′ h
ϒh 𝐏
h2 h2
4) If the tank is moving: H = h2 + ϒ1 1 + 𝛄𝑨–
2 𝟐

H = h (1 ∓𝒂/𝒈)
a h
o + a/g if the motion of the tank is of the same direction as the acceleration
due to gravity
B o - a/g if the motion of the tank is opposite of the direction of the

Peach Me
acceleration due to gravity
5) Submerged orifice:
o Using the definition, Total head is equal to head
upstream minus head downstream. (upstream is the
chamber where the flow originates, thus the chamber
where
H = h 1 - h2

Upstream
side

Downstream
side
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1) AN OPEN CYLINDRICAL TANK 2.4m IN DIAMETER AND 6m TALL HAS 1m OF GLYCERIN (SG = 1.5), 2.5m OF WATER, AND
1.5m OF OIL (SG = 0.82). DETERMINE THE DISCHARGE THROUGH THE 125mm DIAMETER LOCATED AT THE BOTTOM OF
THE TANK. ASSUME C = 0.65.

SOLUTION: o Note: if it’s not specified, the problem pertains to actual

discharge.
For the figure:
Tank is open, P = 0 To solve for discharge (actual), use the formula:
oil Q = CA 2𝑔𝐻
SG = 0.82 1.5m  to determine the value of total head, H (refer to the
formula of condition #3):
water
SG = 1.0 • it’s convenient that the liquids will be converted
2.5m into liquid which will be drained first, which is
glycerin glycerin)
SG = 1.5 1.0m (1) (2.5) (0.82) (1.5)
H =1+ 1.5 + 1.5
H = 3.487m
 To find the are of orifice, A:
Note: the liquids 𝜋
A = 4 (0.1252) = 0.01227m2
are arranged this
way based on their o Solving for Q:
densities. Q = 0.65 (0.01227) 2 9.81 (3.487)
Q = 0.066m3/s
2.) A 50mm DIAMETER CIRCULAR SHARP – EDGED ORIFICE AT THE SIDE OF A
TANK DISCHARGES WATER UNDER A HEAD OF 3m. IF THE COEFFICIENT OF
CONTRACTION Cc = 0.63 AND THE HEADLOST IS 240mm, COMPUTE (A)
DISCHARGE, (B) COEFFICIENT OF VELOCITY AND (C) COEFFICINET OF
DISCHARGE
SOLUTION:
Given:
Orifice: Diameter = 50mm = 0.050m Notes:
Cc = 0.63  Pressure at (1) and (2) are both zero since they are subjected to atmospheric pressure only.
 We can assume that v1 is zero, considering that the dimension of the tanks is not specified.
HL = 240mm
Thus, it safe to say that the tank is large enough to make the fluid inside it to be stagnant.
 Let datum line coincides with point (2).
o Values we get using Bernoulli’s Energy Equation considering head lost are real or actual values
E1 – HL = E2
𝑣12 𝑃1 𝑣22 𝑃2
+ + z1 – HL = + + z2
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾
𝑣22 Remember: Actual values are
0 + 0 + 3 - 0.240 = +0+0
2(9.81) always smaller than
v2 = 7.359 m/s -- real/actual velocity of jet theoretical values.
o To solve for coefficient of velocity, theoretical value is needed. In solving theoretical velocity, we can use
Torrcelli’s formula, vt = 2𝑔𝐻
o Satisfying condition #1, H = h. Thus, H = 3m
vt = 2 9.81 (3)
vt = 7.672m/s -- theoretical velocity
o Solving for coefficient of velocity, Cv:
𝑣
Cv = 𝑣𝑡
7.359
Cv = 7.672
Cv = 0.959
o Solving for coefficient of discharge, C:
C = Cv Cc
C = (0.959)(0.63)
C = 0.604
o Solving for actual discharge using actual values:
Q = av
actual area, a = Cc A
𝝅
= 0.63 ( 𝟒 ) (𝟎. 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟐)
a = 0.0285 m2
Q = (0.0285) (7.359)
Q = 0.2097m3/s
A CALIBRATION TEST OF A 12.5mm – DIAMETER CIRCULAR SHARPED –
EDGED ORIFICE IN A VERTICAL SIDE OF A LARGE TANK SHOWN,
DISCHARGES 590N OF WATER IN 81s AT A CONSTANT HEAD OF 4.70m.
MEASUREMENT OF THE JET SHOWS THAT IT TRAVELS 2.35m
HORIZONTALLY WHILE DROPPING 300mm. COMPUTE THE THREE ORIFICE
COEFFICIENTS. = 0.300m

SOLUTION:
Given:
Orifice: D = 12.5mm = 0.0125m
Discharge: Weight = 590N
time = 81s
Head, H = 4.70m
For theoretical values:
o Using Torricelli’s formula:
vt = 2𝑔𝐻 = 2(9.81)(4.70)
vt = 9.603 m/s
o Solving Theoretical area:
Theoretical area = area of orifice
𝜋
A = 4 (0.0125)2 = 0.0001227m2
 o Solving Theoretical discharge:
Qt = Avt
Qt = 0.0001227 (9.603)
Qt = 0.001178m3/s
For Actual Values:
o Solving actual discharge:
using the values obtained by measuring the amount of water flowing though
the orifice at given period of time.
Q = V/t
𝑔𝑥2
solving for volume, use unit weight of water:
ϒ = W/V 2𝑣2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
Unit weight of water: 9810N/m3
9810= 590/V
Volume = 0.0601m3
Q = 0.0601/81 = 0.300m
Q = 0.000743m3/s
o Actual velocity:
since the projection jet is on horizontal projection, the ϴ =0o
using formula of2 projectile, we now solve the value of the actual velocity:
𝑔𝑥
y = xtanϴ - 2𝑣2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
9.81 (2.35)2
-0.3 = = 2.35tan0o - 2𝑣2𝑐𝑜𝑠20𝑜
v = 9.502m/s
Solving for the coefficients of orifice:
o Coefficient of discharge:
𝑄
𝐶=
𝑄𝑡
0.000743
𝐶=
0.001178
𝑪 = 0.631

o Coefficient of velocity:
𝑣
𝐶𝑣 =
𝑣𝑡
9.502
𝐶𝑣 =
9.603
𝑪𝒗 = 0.989

o Coefficient of contraction:
C = Cc Cv
0.989 = Cc (0.989)
Cc = 0.638
IT IS DESIRED TO DIVERT 5.1m3/s WATER FROM A POOL WHOSE WATER
SURFACE ELEVATION IS 45m, TO AN ADJACENT POND WHOSE WATER
SURFACE ELEVATION IS 42m BY MEANS OF A SHORT CONCRETE CULVERT
8m LONG AND WITH BOTH ENDS SUBMERGED. WHAT SIZE OF CULVERT IS
NEEDED ASSUMING C = 0.58

SOLUTION:
Given:
C = 0.58
Q = 5.1m3/s

o To solve for the diameter of culvert, according to our previous lecture, we can treat it as an orifice. Then,
Q = CA 2𝑔𝐻
 Calculating value of H. Refer to condition #5 “submerged of orifice”
H = h1 – h2 (difference of elevation of surfaces setting the datum line on the orifice)
H = 45 – 42
H = 3m
 Solving for diameter D:
𝜋
5.1 = 0.58 ( 4 )(𝐷2) 2(9.81)(3)
D = 1.21m

Peach Me