Physics Unit 3 Cheat Sheet (Motion and Gravity)

Energy
q (J) and Power (W) Momentum (𝐤𝐠 𝐦 𝐬 −𝟏 ) Motion
Force (N) 𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 and Impulse (𝑵 𝒔) (𝐦, 𝐦 𝐬 −𝟏 , 𝐦 𝐬 −𝟐 )
𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 1
1 𝐸 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑡 − 𝑎𝑡 2
𝐸𝑘 = 𝑚𝑣 2 𝑃= 𝑚1 𝑣1 − 𝑢1 = 𝑚2 (𝑣2 − 𝑢2 ) 𝑡 𝑢+𝑣 2
2 𝑡 𝑥= 𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑥
Impulse = ∆𝑝 = Σ𝐹∆𝑡 = 𝑚∆𝑣 2
1 𝑉𝐵𝑟𝐴 = 𝑉𝐵 − 𝑉𝑎
𝑈𝑔 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ 𝑃 = 𝐹𝑣 𝑥 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
(only if gravity is constant!) 2
SI Units note that impulse does
-1
Speed: ms not depend on
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑥 cos 𝜃 -2
Acceleration: ms acceleration, ie. a collision
1
Distance: m will have the same Centripetal Motion
𝑈𝑠 = 𝑘𝑥 2 Time: s
impulse regardless of the
2 AVOID Mass: kg
𝐹 = 𝑘𝑥 Force: N
presence of padding
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 sin 𝜃 Energy: J
Sources of centripetal force:
Power: W
Current: A  Tension, eg:
Resistance: Ω o Gravity
Inclined Planes (normal force acts
at right angles to Voltage: V o Along a string
the surface)  Sideways frictional forces
Newton's Laws
1. Every object continues in a state of rest or constant velocity unless acted
on by an unbalanced force.
2. The rate of change of momentum is directly proportional to the magnitude 𝑚𝑣 2 4𝜋 2 𝑟𝑚
Σ𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 = =
of the net force and is in the direction of the net force. 𝑟 𝑇2
3. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Action-reaction 𝑣 2 4𝜋 2 𝑟
𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 = = 2
forces act on different objects, e.g.. Joe and wall 𝑟 𝑇
Newton's laws assume that space and time are absolute, in contrast with 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 2𝜋𝑟
Einstein, who proposed that space and time are relative. 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑇
Σ𝐹 = 𝐹𝑔 sin 𝜃 The inertial frame of reference refers to objects moving at a constant speed,
where Newton’s laws work (ie. the third law wouldn’t work if Joe broke the
wall down).
𝑎 = 𝑔 sin 𝜃
Driving force = weight force - normal force

p pico 10−12
Normal Force
n nano 10−9
μ micro 10−6
m milli 10−3
c centi 10−2
k kilo 103
M mega 106
G giga 109 Collisions Gravity
t tonne 103 kg Elastic: g gravitational field
 Energy conserved strength (N Kg −1 )
Graph interpretation  Momentum conserved a acceleration (𝑀 𝑠 −2 )
X-axis Y-axis Area under Gradient Inelastic: F Force (N)
Extension Force 𝑈𝑠 Spr. const  Energy lost as heat / sound / deformation v velocity (M s−1 )
Time Velocity Displ. Accel.  Momentum conserved M Central mass (kg)
Time Accel. Velocity - m Orbiting mass (kg)
−11
Time ΣF Impulse - 𝐺 = 6.67 × 10 N m2 kg −2 r radius or orbit (m)
Displ. Force Work - T period of orbit (s)
Acceleration is
Dist 𝐹𝑔 Work -
𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑟 /𝑚3
independent of mass 𝐺𝑀 4𝜋 2 𝑟 𝑣 2
Strain Stress YM (𝐸) 𝑎=𝑔= = 2 =
Force acts equally on 𝑟2 𝑇 𝑟
𝐺𝑀𝑚 4𝜋 2 𝑚𝑟 𝑚𝑣 2
both bodies 𝐹= 2 = =
Velocity is directed at 𝑟 𝑇2 𝑟
a tangent to the path 2𝜋𝑟 𝐺𝑀
𝑣= =
𝑇 𝑟
𝑟3 𝐺𝑀
2
= 2
𝑇 4𝜋
𝑣1 𝑅1 = 𝑣2 𝑅2
Action/reaction forces:
Action / Reaction

 Always exist in pairs

 Are equal in magnitude This value is a constant for
 Act in opposite directions bodies orbiting the same
 Act on separate objects central mass
Physics Unit 3 Cheat Sheet (E/P and M/S)
Transistor Amplifier Phototransducers
LDRs Phototransistors Photodiodes
Vary resistance with illumination Operate as transistors with base Vary conductance (resistance)
Ohmic as light source with illumination
𝑉𝑐𝑐 ≡ 𝑉𝑠 As illumination increases, resistance Non-ohmic
decreases Work in reverse bias
Advantages Disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages
Simple, sensitive Very slow Sensitive Not as fast as Very fast Not sensitive
Wide range response Gain of 10 to photodiodes response
Can be used in time 100 time
voltage dividers
𝐼𝑒 = 𝐼𝑐 + 𝐼𝑏
𝑉𝑏𝑒 ≈ 0.7v
𝐼𝑏 is very small 𝑉1 𝑉𝑏
Voltage Divider note that if one of
< 1μs
LEDs
> 1ns
LDs
the components is
∴ 𝐼𝑒 ≈ 𝐼𝑐 = Forward bias Forward bias
𝑅1 𝑅2 a diode then the
Wide beam Narrow beam
𝑉𝑏 = 𝑉𝑏𝑒 + 𝑉𝑒 1
maximum voltage
Wide wavelength Narrow wavelength
consumed by it is
𝑉out ≈ 𝑉 Slow switch speed Fast switch speed
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉𝑐𝑒 + 𝑉𝑒 2 𝑠 the bias (0.7v)

𝑉𝑐𝑐 − 𝑉𝑐 = 𝑅𝑐 𝐼𝑐 𝐼𝑒 𝐼𝑐
𝐴𝐼 = = 𝑉𝑐𝑐 − 𝑉𝑅 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 N m−2 = Pa
Young’s Modulus is independent of
𝑅2 𝐼𝑏 𝐼𝑏 𝑅1 = 𝑅2 𝑉cc = 𝑉R thickness and therefore the same for
𝑉𝑏 = 𝑉 𝑉𝑅 𝑅1 every sample of a given material
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝑐𝑐 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑅𝑐 VR 𝑅1
𝐴𝑉 = = 𝑅2 = R1 𝑉R = 𝑉cc
∆𝑉𝑐 = ∆𝐼𝑐 𝑅𝑐 𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝑒 𝑉cc − VR 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 Stress (𝐍 𝐦−𝟐 ) and strain
𝐹
Stress = σ =
𝐴
Total current, voltage and resistance ∆𝐿 𝑥
Strain = ε = or
Torque (𝐍 𝐦) Series Parallel
σ 𝐹𝐿
𝐿
𝐹𝐿
𝐿
Current 𝐼𝑇 = 𝐼1 = 𝐼2 … 𝐼𝑇 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 … Young′ s Modulus = E = = =
1 ε 𝐴∆𝐿 𝐴𝑥
𝑅𝑇 = Area under 𝛔 vs. 𝛆
Resistance 𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 … 1 1
+ … Est 1 1 σ2
𝑅1 𝑅2 Area = = σε = Eε2 =
Voltage 𝑉𝑇 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 … 𝑉𝑇 = 𝑉1 = 𝑉2 … Vol 2 2 2E
∴ 𝐸𝑠𝑡 = Area × Vol
Torque is equal to the product
of radius and the Skin effect Remember that this energy
Low frequencies can travel along the entire wire, whereas is per unit volume
perpendicular force
high frequencies can only travel along the skin. Therefore,
component 𝐹⊥ . high frequencies encounter more attenuation than low Jargon
𝐹⊥ = 𝐹 sin 𝜃 and 𝜏 = 𝑟𝐹⊥ frequencies, limiting data transfer rates. This doesn’t materials which can absorb large
∴ 𝜏 = 𝑟𝐹 sin 𝜃 happen to optic fibres. tough amounts of strain energy per unit
Torque ≠ Work volume before failing
materials with little or no plastic
brittle region
Equilibrium The torque = 0 in materials with a high value for
equilibrium stiff Young’s Modulus
regardless of the malleable *not needed*
reference point. materials with a large plastic
ductile region
how much stress a sample can be
strength subjected to before failing
Translational Rotational Static flat points in an output signal
Σ𝐹 = 0 Σ𝜏 = 0 Σ𝐹 = 0 and Σ𝜏 = 0 clipping caused by the input signal being
out of range
when the input voltage is greater
saturation than the linear region
when the input voltage is less than
cut-off the linear region
the gain of an amplifier where the
Note that maximum linear gain signal is not clipped
stress is not equal to
the ‘DC blocking’ effect of a
breaking stress de-coupling capacitor

Copper Glass fibre

one signal per wire 1000+ signals per wire
skin effect no skin effect
Strength (MPa) thick fibres thin fibres
Tensile Compressive expensive cheap
Concrete 2 20 affected by EM interference not affected by EM interference
Steel 820 500
convenient to branch and join inconvenient to branch and join
Cast iron 170 550