● Work on external forces

𝑈1−2 = ∫ 𝐹 · 𝑑𝑟 or 𝑈1−2 = ∫(𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠α)𝑑𝑠

When force is perpendicular to the displacement, α=90 degrees , work is zero and
positive. Work is negative if its angle is between 90 degrees and 180 degrees.
● Work when force is constant in rectilinear motion
𝑈1−2 = (𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠α)∆𝑥
● Work of the force of gravity
𝑈1−2 =− 𝑊∆𝑦
● Work of the force exerted by a spring
1
𝑈1−2 =− 2
(𝐹1 + 𝐹2)∆𝑥
Magnitude of force:
𝐹 = 𝑘𝑥
Deflection 𝑥:
𝑥 = 𝐿𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑑 − 𝐿𝑈𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑑
● Work of the force exerted by a linear spring
1 2 1 2
𝑈1−2 = 2
𝑘𝑥1 − 2
𝑘𝑥2
● Work of gravitational force
𝐺𝑀𝑚 𝐺𝑀𝑚
𝑈1−2 = 𝑟2
− 𝑟1

● Kinetic energy
1 2
𝑇= 2
𝑚𝑣
● Scalar equation to solve one unknown
𝑇2= 𝑇1 + 𝑈1−2
Where:
α is the angle
𝑘 is the spring constant
∆𝑦 is the vertical displacement
∆𝑥 is the horizontal displacement
𝑈1−2 is the work with the unit of N·m or J
𝑇 is the kinetic energy with the unit of N·m or J
2 2
𝑔 is equal to 32. 2 𝑓𝑡/𝑠 or 9. 81 𝑚/𝑠

● Power
𝑃 = 𝐹 · 𝑣 or 𝑃 = 𝐹𝑣𝑐𝑜𝑠θ with the unit of W or J/s or N·m/s.
● Mechanical efficiency
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘
η= 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘
𝑜𝑟 η = 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘
.
In spring, the energy stored on it is called the elastic energy,
𝑈1−2 = (𝑉𝑒) − (𝑉𝑒) similarly, 𝑥𝑛 = 𝐿𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑑 − 𝐿𝑈𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑑.
1 2
 The essential formulas in conservation of energy are:

● Conservation of energy
𝑇1 + 𝑉1 = 𝑇2 + 𝑉2
With potential energy:
𝑇1 + 𝑉𝑔1 + 𝑉𝑒1 = 𝑇2 + 𝑉𝑔2 + 𝑉𝑒2
With the involvement of non-conservative forces
𝑁𝐶
𝑇1 + 𝑉𝑔1 + 𝑉𝑒1 + 𝑈1−2 = 𝑇2 + 𝑉𝑔2 + 𝑉𝑒2
𝑁𝐶
Where, 𝑈1−2 is work done by non-conservative forces. Also, mechanical energy decreases due
to friction.

● Impulse and momentum

𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒 = 𝐹 · 𝑡, with the unit of N·s or kg·m/s;
𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 = 𝑚𝑣.

● Principle of impulse and momentum

𝑚𝑣1 + 𝐼𝑚𝑝1−2 = 𝑚𝑣2
If there are several forces:
𝑚𝑣1 + Σ𝐼𝑚𝑝1−2 = 𝑚𝑣2
If the sum of external forces = 0
Σ𝑚𝑣1 = Σ𝑚𝑣2