Convective Heat Transfer

Conservation laws

1. Mass conservation

2. Momentum conservation

3. Energy conservation
Mass conservation

𝑀=∫ 𝑑𝑚=∫ 𝜌 𝑑𝑉 =Const 𝐷 :material volume

𝐷 𝐷

𝑑𝑀 𝑑 𝜕𝜌
= ∫ 𝜌 𝑑𝑉 =∫ 𝑑𝑉 + ∫ 𝜌 𝑣 𝑖 𝑛𝑖 𝑑𝑆=0 by Leibniz rule
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝐷 𝐷
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝐷

∫
𝐷
[ 𝜕𝜌
+
𝜕
𝜕 𝑡 𝜕 𝑥𝑖 ]
( 𝜌 𝑣 𝑖 ) 𝑑𝑉 =0 ∀ 𝑉 by Gauss theorem

𝜕𝜌 𝜕 1 𝐷𝜌 𝜕 𝑣𝑖
+
𝜕 𝑡 𝜕 𝑥𝑖
( 𝜌 𝑣 𝑖 )=0 =−
𝜌 𝐷𝑡 𝜕 𝑥𝑖
𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝜌 𝜕 𝑣𝑖
+𝑣 𝑖 +𝜌 =0
𝜕𝑡 𝜕 𝑥𝑖 𝜕 𝑥𝑖

𝐷𝜌 𝜕 𝑣𝑖
+𝜌 =0
𝐷𝑡 𝜕 𝑥𝑖
Mass conservation

Incompressible fluid:𝜌= const

𝜕 𝑣𝑖 1 𝐷𝜌
Incompressible flow: =− =0 Stratified flow
𝜕 𝑥𝑖 𝜌 𝐷𝑡
Momentum conservation

𝑑 𝑃𝑖 𝑑
= ( 𝑚 𝑣𝑖 )= 𝐹 𝑖
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝜕𝐷 𝐷 𝜕𝐷 𝐷
[ ] 𝜕𝜎 𝑗𝑖
𝐹𝑖= ∫ 𝑡𝑖 𝑑𝑆+∫ 𝑓 𝑖 𝑑𝑚=∫ 𝑛 𝑗 𝜎 𝑗𝑖 𝑑𝑆+∫ 𝜌𝑓 𝑖 𝑑𝑉=∫ +𝜌𝑓 𝑖 𝑑𝑉
𝐷 𝜕𝑥 𝑗

𝜕 𝑣𝑖 𝜕 𝑣 𝑖 𝜕 𝜎 𝑗𝑖
𝜌 +𝜌 𝑣 𝑗 = +𝜌 𝑓 𝑖
𝜕𝑡 𝜕 𝑥 𝑗 𝜕 𝑥𝑗
𝐷 𝑣𝑖 𝜕 𝑣𝑖 𝜕 𝑣𝑖 1 𝜕 𝜎 𝑗𝑖
= +𝑣 𝑗 = +𝑓𝑖
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥𝑗 𝜌 𝜕𝑥𝑗

Cauchy momentum equation

Isotropic tensor

No preferred direction of the tensor.

Invariant under rotation.

2nd order 𝛿𝑖𝑗

3th order 𝜖 𝑖𝑗𝑘

4th order 𝐼 𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑙 =𝑎 𝛿𝑖𝑗 𝛿𝑘𝑙 +𝑏 ( 𝛿𝑖𝑘 𝛿 𝑗𝑙 + 𝛿𝑖𝑙 𝛿 𝑗𝑘 )+ 𝑐 ( 𝛿𝑖𝑘 𝛿 𝑗𝑙 − 𝛿𝑖𝑙 𝛿 𝑗𝑘 )

5th order 𝐼 𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑚𝑝 =𝑎1 𝜖𝑖𝑗𝑘 𝛿𝑚𝑝 +𝑎2 𝜖 𝑖𝑗𝑚 𝛿𝑘𝑝+ 𝑎3 𝜖 𝑖𝑗𝑝 𝛿𝑘𝑚+𝑎 4 𝜖𝑖𝑘𝑝 𝛿𝑚𝑗 +𝑎 5 𝜖𝑖𝑚𝑝 𝛿 𝑗𝑘
Constitutive equation

Fluid: no shear stress no motion; strain rate is important

No momentum at the surface symmetric stress tensor

Viscous stress tensor

isotropic

Symmetric
: the first viscosity

Mechanical pressure

𝜎 𝑖𝑖 ≡ −3 𝑃 𝑚 =−3 𝑃 𝑡h + 2 𝜇
[ 𝜕 𝑣𝑘
𝜕 𝑥𝑘
+𝜆
𝜕 𝑣𝑘
𝜕 𝑥𝑘
3
]
𝑃 𝑡h − 𝑃 𝑚 = [ 2
3 ]
𝜇+ 𝜆
𝜕 𝑣𝑘
𝜕 𝑥𝑘
2
[
=− 𝜇+ 𝜆
3 ]
1 𝐷𝜌
𝜌 𝐷𝑡
2
Stokes assumption→ 𝑃= 𝑃𝑚 → 𝜆=− 𝜇
3
Viscous stress tensor

Sometimes called shear stress tensor (it may contain normal viscous components of tensor)

( )
𝜕𝑣𝑖 𝜕𝑣 𝑗 𝜕𝑣𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝑗 𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝜕𝑥𝑘
2 𝜕𝑣𝑘
𝜏𝑖𝑗=𝜇 + + 𝜆 𝛿𝑖𝑗=2𝜇𝑆𝑖𝑗 − 𝜇 𝛿𝑖𝑗
3 𝜕𝑥(Stokes’
𝑘 assumption: accepted as a characteristics of Newtonian fluid)

( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
𝜕 𝜕 2 𝜕 𝑣𝑘 𝜕 𝑣𝑖 𝜕 𝜕𝑣 𝑗 2 𝜕 𝜕 𝑣𝑘 𝜕 𝑣𝑖 𝜇 𝜕 𝜕𝑣 𝑗
𝜏𝑖𝑗 = 2 𝜇𝑆𝑖𝑗 − 𝜇 𝛿𝑖𝑗 =𝜇 +𝜇 − 𝜇 =𝜇 +
𝜕𝑥𝑗 𝜕𝑥𝑗 3 𝜕 𝑥𝑘 𝜕 𝑥 𝑗𝜕 𝑥 𝑗 𝜕 𝑥𝑖 𝜕 𝑥 𝑗 3 𝜕 𝑥𝑖 𝜕 𝑥𝑘 𝜕 𝑥 𝑗 𝜕 𝑥 𝑗 3 𝜕 𝑥𝑖 𝜕 𝑥 𝑗

𝜕 𝜕2 𝑣 𝑖
𝜏𝑖𝑗 =𝜇 For incompressible flow
𝜕𝑥𝑗 𝜕 𝑥 𝑗 𝜕𝑥 𝑗
Navier-Stokes equation

𝐷 𝑣𝑖 𝜕 𝑣𝑖 𝜕 𝑣𝑖 1 𝜕 𝜎 𝑗𝑖
= +𝑣 𝑗 = +𝑓𝑖
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥𝑗 𝜌 𝜕𝑥𝑗

𝜌
𝐷 𝑣𝑖
𝐷𝑡
=𝜌
[
𝜕 𝑣𝑖
𝜕𝑡
+𝑣 𝑗
𝜕 𝑣𝑖
𝜕𝑥 𝑗 ]
=−
𝜕𝑃
𝜕 𝑥𝑖
+2 𝜇
𝜕 𝑆𝑖𝑗
𝜕𝑥𝑗
+𝜆
𝜕
( )
𝜕 𝑣𝑘
𝜕 𝑥𝑖 𝜕 𝑥𝑘
+𝜌 𝑓 𝑖

𝜌
𝐷 𝑣𝑖
𝐷𝑡
=𝜌
𝜕𝑡 [
𝜕 𝑣𝑖
+𝑣 𝑗
𝜕 𝑣𝑖
𝜕𝑥 𝑗
=−
𝜕𝑃
]
𝜕 𝑥𝑖
+2 𝜇
𝜕 𝑆𝑖𝑗
𝜕𝑥𝑗
+𝜆
𝜕
( )
𝜕 𝑣𝑘
𝜕 𝑥𝑖 𝜕 𝑥𝑘
+𝜌 𝑓 𝑖

𝜌
𝐷 𝑣𝑖
𝐷𝑡
=𝜌
𝜕𝑡[
𝜕 𝑣𝑖
+𝑣 𝑗
𝜕 𝑣𝑖
𝜕𝑥 𝑗 ]
=−
𝜕𝑃
𝜕 𝑥𝑖
+2 𝜇
𝜕 𝑆𝑖𝑗 2
− 𝜇
( )
𝜕 𝜕 𝑣𝑘
𝜕 𝑥 𝑗 3 𝜕 𝑥𝑖 𝜕 𝑥𝑘
+ 𝜌 𝑓Stokes
𝑖 assumption

𝜌
𝐷 𝑣𝑖
𝐷𝑡
=𝜌
𝜕 𝑣𝑖
𝜕𝑡 [
+𝑣 𝑗
𝜕 𝑣𝑖
𝜕𝑥 𝑗
=−
𝜕𝑃
𝜕 𝑥𝑖 ]
+𝜇
𝜕2 𝑣 𝑖
𝜕𝑥 𝑗𝜕 𝑥 𝑗
+ 𝜌 𝑓Incompressible
𝑖
flow
Energy conservation

1 2
d𝐸 𝑑 𝑒 𝑇 =𝑒+ 𝑣
= ∫ 𝜌 𝑒𝑇 𝑑𝑉 = ∫ −𝑞 𝑖 𝑛 𝑖 𝑑𝑆+ ∫ 𝑡 𝑖 𝑣 𝑖 𝑑𝑆+∫ 𝜌 𝑓 𝑖 𝑣 𝑖 𝑑𝑉 2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝐷 𝜕𝐷 𝜕𝐷 𝐷

𝐷 𝑒𝑇 𝜕𝑞𝑖 𝜕 𝜕
𝜌 =− − (𝑝 𝑣𝑖)+ (𝜏 𝑣 )+ 𝜌 𝑓 𝑖 𝑣𝑖
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑖 𝜕 𝑥 𝑖 𝜕 𝑥 𝑗 𝑗𝑖 𝑖
Energy conservation

𝜌
𝐷 𝑒𝑇
𝐷𝑡
=𝜌
𝐷
𝐷𝑡( )
𝑒+
𝑣2
2
=−
𝜕 𝑞𝑖
−
𝜕
𝜕 𝑥𝑖 𝜕 𝑥 𝑖
(𝑝 𝑣𝑖)+
𝜕
𝜕𝑥 𝑗
( 𝜏 𝑗𝑖 𝑣 𝑖 ) + 𝑓 𝑖 𝑣 𝑖

𝐷𝑡 ( 2 )
𝐷𝑣 𝑖 𝐷 𝑣 𝜕𝑝 2
𝜕𝜏 𝑗𝑖
𝜌 𝑣 =𝜌 𝑖 =− 𝑣+ 𝑖 𝑣𝑖+ 𝜌 𝑓 𝑖 𝑣
(from
𝑖 momentum equation)
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑖 𝑗

𝐷𝑒 𝜕 𝑞𝑖 𝜕 𝑣𝑖 𝜕 𝑣𝑖
𝜌 =− −𝑝 +𝜏 𝑗𝑖 TE 1 (no body force)
𝐷𝑡 𝜕 𝑥𝑖 𝜕 𝑥𝑖 𝜕𝑥 𝑗
𝑝
𝑒 =h −
𝜌
𝑑𝑝 𝑝
[𝑑𝑝 𝑇 𝛽
𝑑𝑒= 𝑑h − + 2 𝑑 𝜌= 𝐶 𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + −
𝜌 𝜌 𝜌 𝜌
𝑑𝑝 𝑝
𝑑𝑝 − + 2 𝑑 𝜌
𝜌 𝜌 ]
𝐷𝑒 𝐷 𝑇 𝑇 𝛽 𝐷𝑝 𝑝 𝐷 𝜌
=𝐶 𝑝 − +
𝐷𝑡 𝐷𝑡 𝜌 𝐷𝑡 𝜌 2 𝐷𝑡
¿ 𝐶𝑝
𝐷𝑇
𝐷𝑡
−
𝑇 𝛽 𝐷𝑝 𝑝 𝜕 𝑣 𝑖
𝜌 𝐷𝑡
−
𝜌 𝜕 𝑥𝑖 ( )
𝐷𝑇 𝜕 𝑞𝑖 𝜕 𝑣𝑖 𝐷𝑝
𝜌 𝐶𝑝 =− +𝜏 𝑗𝑖 +𝑇 𝛽 TE 2
𝐷𝑡 𝜕 𝑥𝑖 𝜕 𝑥𝑗 𝐷𝑡
Energy conservation

𝑝
h=𝑒+
𝜌
𝑑𝑝 𝑝
𝑑𝑒= 𝑑h − + 𝑑𝜌
𝜌 𝜌2
𝐷𝑒 𝐷h 𝐷𝑝 𝑝 𝐷 𝜌 𝜕 𝑞𝑖 𝜕 𝑣𝑖 𝜕 𝑣𝑖
𝜌 =𝜌 − + =− −𝑝 +𝜏 𝑗𝑖
𝐷𝑡 𝐷𝑡 𝐷𝑡 𝜌 𝐷𝑡 𝜕 𝑥𝑖 𝜕 𝑥𝑖 𝜕𝑥𝑗

( )
𝐷h 𝜕 𝑞𝑖 𝜕 𝑣𝑖 𝐷𝑝 1 𝐷𝜌 𝜕 𝑣𝑖
𝜌 =− +𝜏 𝑗𝑖 + TE 3 =− by continuity
𝐷𝑡 𝜕 𝑥𝑖 𝜕 𝑥𝑗 𝐷𝑡 𝜌 𝐷𝑡 𝜕 𝑥𝑖
Dissipation

( + +
) (
𝜕 𝑣 𝑖 1 𝜕 𝑣 𝑖 𝜕 𝑣 𝑗 1 𝜕 𝑣𝑖 𝜕 𝑣 𝑗
= −
𝜕 𝑥 𝑗 2 𝜕 𝑥 𝑗 𝜕 𝑥 𝑖 2 𝜕 𝑥 𝑗 𝜕 𝑥𝑖 )
=𝑆𝑖𝑗 + Ω 𝑖𝑗

𝑆𝑖𝑗 Ω𝑖𝑗 =𝑆 𝑗𝑖 Ω 𝑗𝑖 =− 𝑆𝑖𝑗 Ω𝑖𝑗

Energy conservation

𝜕𝑇
𝑞𝑖 =−𝑘 (Fourier’s law of heat conduction)
𝜕 𝑥𝑖

( )
𝐷𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝑣𝑖 𝐷𝑝
𝜌 𝐶𝑝 = 𝑘 +𝜏 𝑗𝑖 +𝑇 𝛽
𝐷𝑡 𝜕 𝑥𝑖 𝜕 𝑥𝑖 𝜕𝑥𝑗 𝐷𝑡

For solid,

𝜌 𝐶𝑝
𝜕𝑇
=
𝜕
𝑘
𝜕𝑇
(
𝜕 𝑡 𝜕 𝑥𝑖 𝜕 𝑥 𝑖 )
For liquid,

( ) ( )
2
𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜇 2
𝜌 𝐶𝑝 = 𝑘 + 2 𝑆𝑖𝑗 − 𝑆𝑘𝑘 𝛿𝑖𝑗
𝜕𝑡 𝜕 𝑥𝑖 𝜕 𝑥 𝑖 2 3
In general, dissipation is small compared to heat conduction.
𝜌 𝐶𝑝
𝜕𝑇
=
𝜕
𝑘
𝜕𝑇
( )
𝜕 𝑡 𝜕 𝑥𝑖 𝜕 𝑥 𝑖
Energy conservation

𝑇
𝐷𝑠 𝐷𝑒
𝐷𝑡
=
𝐷𝑡
𝑝 𝐷𝜌
− 2
𝜌 𝐷𝑡
¿ 𝑇𝑑𝑠= 𝑑𝑒+𝑝𝑑
1
𝜌 ( )
𝐷𝑠 𝐷𝑒 𝜕 𝑣𝑖 𝐷𝜌 𝜕 𝑣𝑖
𝜌𝑇 =𝜌 +𝑝 ¿ continuity +𝜌 =0
𝐷𝑡 𝐷𝑡 𝜕 𝑥𝑖 𝐷𝑡 𝜕 𝑥𝑖
𝐷𝑒 𝜕 𝑞𝑖 𝜕 𝑣𝑖 𝜕 𝑣𝑖
𝜌 =− −𝑝 +𝜏 𝑗𝑖 ¿ energy eq TE 1
𝐷𝑡 𝜕 𝑥𝑖 𝜕 𝑥𝑖 𝜕𝑥 𝑗
𝐷𝑠 1 𝜕 𝑞𝑖 1 𝜕 𝑣𝑖
𝜌 =− + 𝜏 𝑗𝑖
𝐷𝑡 𝑇 𝜕 𝑥𝑖 𝑇 𝜕𝑥𝑗
irreversible
𝜌
𝐷𝑠
𝐷𝑡
=−
𝜕 𝑞𝑖
𝜕 𝑥𝑖 𝑇
1
( )
− 2 𝑞𝑖
𝑇
𝜕𝑇ℱ 1
+
𝜕 𝑥𝑖 𝑇
law 𝑞
𝜏 𝑗𝑖 𝑖
𝑣𝑖 𝑘 𝜕 𝑇
𝜕=−
𝜕𝑥𝑗 𝜕 𝑥𝑖

( )
𝐷𝑠 𝜕 𝑘 𝜕𝑇 𝑘 𝜕 𝑇 𝜕𝑇 1 𝜕 𝑣𝑖
𝜌 = + 2 + 𝜏 𝑗𝑖
𝐷𝑡 𝜕 𝑥 𝑖 𝑇 𝜕 𝑥 𝑖 𝑇 𝜕 𝑥𝑖 𝜕 𝑥 𝑖 𝑇 𝜕𝑥𝑗
𝑘 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
≥ 0 : entropy production due ¿ heat conduction
𝑇
2
𝜕 𝑥 𝑖 𝜕 𝑥 𝑖

( )
1 𝜕𝑣 𝑖 𝜇 2
2
𝜏 𝑗𝑖 = 2 𝑆𝑖𝑗 − 𝑆 𝑘𝑘 𝛿𝑖𝑗 ≥ 0 :entropy productiondue ¿ viscous dissipation
𝑇 𝜕 𝑥 𝑗 2𝑇 3
Uni-directional Parallel flow

Pipe flow

𝑢𝑗
𝜕 𝑢𝑖
𝜕 𝑥𝑗
=−
1 𝜕𝑝
𝜌 𝜕 𝑥𝑖
+𝜈
𝜕 𝑢𝑖
𝜕 𝑥 𝑗𝜕 𝑥𝑗
2
𝜇
𝜕2
2(
𝜕𝑥 𝜕 𝑦
+
𝜕2
2
𝑢 𝑧 =
𝜕𝑝
𝜕 𝑧 )
=A

( )
2
𝜕 1 𝜕 𝐴
𝑢𝑖 =( 0,0 ,𝑢 𝑧 ( 𝑥 , 𝑦 ) ) + 𝑢𝑧 =
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜇
2

1 𝜕𝑝

[ ( )]
0=− 2
𝜌 𝜕𝑥 𝑟
𝑝=𝑝 ( 𝑧 ) 𝑢 𝑧 =𝑢𝑜 1−
1 𝜕𝑝 𝑟𝑜
0=−
𝜌 𝜕𝑦
( )
2
𝜕 1 𝜕 1 𝐴
( ) + 𝑢 =− 4 𝑢 =
2 2
1 𝜕𝑝 𝜕 𝜕 𝑧 𝑜
0=− +𝜈 + 𝑢𝑧 𝜕𝑟 2 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 2𝑜 𝜇
𝜌 𝜕𝑧 𝜕 𝑥2 𝜕 𝑦2

( ) 32𝜇 𝑢 𝑚
2 2
𝜕𝑝 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝑝 1 1 1 2 1
=𝜇 + 𝑢 𝑧 = A=const − =4 𝑢𝑜 2 =𝜇 16 𝑢𝑜 2 = = 𝑓 𝜌 𝑢 𝑚
𝜕𝑧 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕 𝑦
2
𝜕𝑧 𝑟𝑜 𝑑𝑜
2
𝑑𝑜 2 𝑑𝑜

𝑓 (𝑧) 𝑔(𝑥 , 𝑦 )
64 𝜇 64
𝑓= =
𝜌 𝑢𝑚 𝑑 𝑜 𝑅𝑒
 1 2 𝐿
Friction factor Δ 𝑃= 𝑓 𝜌𝑢 𝑚
2 𝑑h

𝐴 𝑓 𝑅 𝑒𝑑
𝑑h = h
𝑃

𝑎 𝑎 43.2
√3

𝑎 𝑎 48

𝑎 𝑎 64

4 𝑎𝑏
𝑎 𝑎2 +𝑏2
2 ( 𝑎 +𝑏 ) 96
𝑏 ( 𝑎+ 𝑏 )2

𝑎 2𝑎 96
Entrance length

2𝑈

𝜏 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑓
𝐶𝑓 = =
1 2 4
𝜌 𝑢𝑚
2
Singular perturbation and Method of matched asymptotic expansions

Vanishing coefficients in ODE

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 =𝑦 𝑜 ( 𝑡 ; 𝜖 ) +𝜖 𝑦 1 ( 𝑡 ; 𝜖 ) +…
𝜖 + ( 1+𝜖 ) + 𝑦 =0 , 𝑦 ( 0 )= 0 , 𝑦 ( 1 )=1
𝑑 𝑡2 𝑑𝑡

Outer solution , valid for 𝑡 =𝑂 (1)

𝑦 ′𝑂 + 𝑦 𝑂 =0 Cannot satisfy all BCs

𝑦 𝑂 = 𝐴 𝑒− 𝑡 𝑦 𝑂 ( 1 ) =1 → 𝑦 𝑂 ( 𝑡 ) =𝑒 1− 𝑡

I nner solution , valid for 𝑡= 𝑂 (𝜖)

𝑡
𝜏= → 𝑡 = 𝜖𝜏
𝜖
1 𝑑2 𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦
+ ( 1+ 𝜖 ) + 𝑦= 0 , 𝑦 ( 0 ) =0 , 𝑦 ( 1/ 𝜖 )=1
𝜖 𝑑 𝜏2 𝜖 𝑑𝜏

𝑑2 𝑦 𝐼 𝑑 𝑦𝐼
+ = 0 , 𝑦 𝐼 ( 0 ) =0 , 𝑦 𝐼 ( 1 / 𝜖 ) =1
𝑑 𝜏2 𝑑𝑥
 Singular perturbation and Method of matched asymptotic expansions

matching 𝑦𝑂
𝑦𝐼
lim 𝑦 𝐼 =lim 𝑦 𝑂 ⁡
𝑡→∞ 𝑡→0

𝑦𝐶 𝑦 𝐸
lim 𝐵 ( 1− 𝑒 −𝜏 )= lim 𝑒 1 −𝑡 ⁡
𝜏→∞ 𝑡 →0

𝐵=𝑒

Composite solution

𝑦 𝐶 ( 𝑡 ) =𝑦 𝐼 ( 𝑡 )+ 𝑦 𝑂 ( 𝑡 ) − 𝑦 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑙𝑎𝑝 =𝑒 ( 1− 𝑒 )+ 𝑒1 −𝑡 − 𝑒
−𝑡 /𝜖

Exact solution
Boundary layer

𝛿(𝑥)

𝑥
order of magnitude analysis
𝑁𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑢 𝑜 , 𝐿 , 𝜌 𝑢 2𝑜
𝑢∗ ∼ 𝑂 ( 1 ) , 𝑥 ∗ ∼𝑂 (1 ) , 𝑦 ∗ ∼𝑂 (𝛿)
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
∼𝑂 (1 ) , ∼ 𝑂 ( 1 ) → 𝑣 ∼𝑂(𝛿)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕 𝑢∗ 𝜕 𝑣∗
∗
+ ∗
=0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
 Boundary layer – Inner solution

𝑂 ( 𝛿2 )

( )
∗ ∗ ∗ 2 ∗ 2 ∗
𝜕𝑢 ∗ 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑃 1 𝜕 𝑢 𝜕 𝑢
( )
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ 2 ∗
𝑢 +𝑣 =− + + ∗𝜕𝑢 ∗ 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑃 1 𝜕 𝑢
𝜕𝑥
∗
𝜕𝑦
∗
𝜕𝑥
∗
ℜ 𝜕 𝑥 ∗2 𝜕 𝑦 ∗2 𝑢 +𝑣 =− +
𝜕𝑥 ℜ 𝜕 𝑦
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑂 (1) 𝑂 (1) 𝑂 (1) 𝑂 (1)
𝑂
( )
1
𝛿
2

𝑂 ( 𝛿2 )

𝜕 𝑃∗
( )
∗ ∗ ∗ 2 ∗ 2 ∗
∗ 𝜕𝑣 ∗ 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑃 1 𝜕 𝑣 𝜕 𝑣 =0
𝑢 +𝑣 =− + + ∗
𝜕𝑥
∗
𝜕𝑦
∗
𝜕𝑦
∗
ℜ 𝜕 𝑥 ∗2 𝜕 𝑦 ∗2 𝜕𝑦

𝑂 (𝛿)
()
𝑂 (𝛿)
()
𝑂 (𝛿) 1 1
𝑂 𝑂
𝛿 𝛿
𝜕 𝑢∗ 𝜕 𝑣 ∗
∗
+ ∗
=0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Boundary layer – Outer solution, Composite solution

Outer solution

1
𝑅𝑒
→0 ¿ flow → 𝑣 ∗ ∗ ∗
𝑂 =0 → 𝑢𝑂 =1 , 𝑃 = 𝑃 𝑜

Composite solution

𝑢∗𝐶 =𝑢 ∗𝐼 +𝑢∗𝑂 − 𝑢𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑙𝑎𝑝 =𝑢 ∗𝐼