Formula Sheet – Exam 1

Normal and Shear Stress

𝑁 𝑀𝑧 .𝑦 𝑀𝑦 .𝑧
Axial + Bending: 𝜎𝑥 = − +
𝐴 𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑦

𝑇𝑟 𝑉𝑄
Torsion: 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = Shear: 𝜏𝑥𝑦 =
𝐽 𝐼𝑡

Stress in Thin-Walled Pressure Vessel

𝑝𝑟 𝑝𝑟 𝑝𝑟
Cylinder: 𝜎1 = 𝜎2 = 𝐽 = 2𝜋𝑟 3 𝑡 Sphere: 𝜎1 = 𝜎2 =
𝑡 2𝑡 2𝑡

Stress Transformation Equations

𝜎𝑥′ = 𝜎𝑥 𝑙12 + 𝜎𝑦 𝑚12 + 𝜎𝑧 𝑛12 + 2(𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑙1 𝑚1 + 𝜏𝑦𝑧 𝑚1 𝑛1 + 𝜏𝑥𝑧 𝑙1 𝑛1 )

𝜏𝑥′𝑦′ = 𝜎𝑥 𝑙1 𝑙2 + 𝜎𝑦 𝑚1 𝑚2 + 𝜎𝑧 𝑛1 𝑛2 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 (𝑙1 𝑚2 + 𝑚1 𝑙2 ) + 𝜏𝑦𝑧 (𝑚1 𝑛2 + 𝑛1 𝑚2 ) + 𝜏𝑥𝑧 (𝑛1 𝑙2 + 𝑙1 𝑛2 )

Principal Stresses:

𝜎𝑥 +𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦 2
2D: 𝜎1,2 = 𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ± √( 2
) + 𝜏𝑥𝑦
2 2

2 𝜏𝑥𝑦
tan 2 𝜃𝑝 =
𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦

3D: 𝜎𝑃3 − 𝐼1 𝜎𝑃2 + 𝐼2 𝜎𝑃 − 𝐼3 = 0 where

2 2 2
𝐼1 = 𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 + 𝜎𝑧 ; 𝐼2 = 𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦 + 𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑧 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑧 − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 − 𝜏𝑥𝑧 − 𝜏𝑦𝑧 ; 𝐼3 = det(𝛴)

Principal Directions : 𝛴𝑋 = 𝜎𝑝 𝑋

Strain Transformation (rosette)

𝜀𝑎 = 𝜀𝑥 cos 2 𝜃𝑎 + 𝜀𝑦 sin2 𝜃𝑎 + 𝛾𝑥𝑦 sin 𝜃𝑎 cos 𝜃𝑎

Material Property Relations

𝜀𝑙𝑎𝑡
Poisson’s ratio : 𝜗 = −
𝜀𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔

1 1 𝐸
Generalized Hooke’s Law: 𝜀𝑥 = [𝜎𝑥 − 𝜗(𝜎𝑦 +𝜎𝑧 )] ; 𝛾𝑥𝑦 = 𝜏𝑥𝑦 where 𝐺 =
𝐸 𝐺 2(1+𝜗)

1−2𝜗 𝜗𝐸
𝜎𝑥 = 2𝐺𝜀𝑥 + 𝜆𝑒 ; 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 𝐺𝛾𝑥𝑦 Where: 𝑒 = 𝜀𝑥 + 𝜀𝑦 + 𝜀𝑧 = (𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 + 𝜎𝑧 ) and 𝜆 = (1+𝜗)(1−2𝜗)
𝐸