Assignment No5

Problem # 2
Assumption:
 2D, Cartesian
 SS
 No reaction
 Dilute spherical particles: [neglect collisional effects (𝛾𝜃𝑠 , collisional
dissipation, collisional term in solid pressure, collisional & frictional
viscosities)
 Incompressible fluid, constant ρL
 μb=0

Gravity components: gx and gy. Velocity in x direction is u and y direction is v.

Continuity:
𝜕 𝜕
Solid phase: (𝜀𝑠 𝜌𝑠 𝑢𝑠 )+: (𝜀𝑠 𝜌𝑠 𝑣𝑠 ) = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕 𝜕
Liquid phase: (𝜀𝑙 𝜌𝑙 𝑢𝑙 )+: (𝜀𝑙 𝜌𝑙 𝑣𝑙 ) = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Momentum:
Liquid phase x-component:
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝑃 𝜕 𝜕
(𝜀𝑙 𝜌𝑙 𝑢𝑙 𝑢𝑙 ) + (𝜀𝑙 𝜌𝑙 𝑣𝑙 𝑢𝑙 ) = −𝜀𝐿 + 𝜀𝑙 𝜌𝑙 𝑔𝑥 − 𝐹𝐷𝑥 − [ 𝜏𝑥𝑥 + 𝜏 ]
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑦𝑥 𝑙
Liquid phase y-component:
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝑃 𝜕 𝜕
(𝜀𝑙 𝜌𝑙 𝑢𝑙 𝑣𝑙 ) + (𝜀𝑙 𝜌𝑙 𝑣𝑙 𝑣𝑙 ) = −𝜀𝐿 + 𝜀𝑙 𝜌𝑙 𝑔𝑦 − 𝐹𝐷𝑦 − [ 𝜏𝑥𝑦 + 𝜏 ]
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑦𝑦 𝑙
Solid phase x-component:
𝜕 𝜕
(𝜀𝑠 𝜌𝑠 𝑢𝑠 𝑢𝑠 ) + (𝜀 𝜌 𝑣 𝑢 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑃𝑠 𝜕 𝜕
= −𝜀𝑠 − + 𝜀𝑠 𝜌𝑠 𝑔𝑥 + 𝐹𝐷𝑥 − [ 𝜏𝑥𝑥 + 𝜏 ]
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑦𝑥 𝑠

Liquid phase y-component:

𝜕 𝜕
(𝜀𝑠 𝜌𝑠 𝑢𝑠 𝑣𝑠 ) + (𝜀 𝜌 𝑣 𝑣 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑃𝑠 𝜕 𝜕
= −𝜀𝑠 − + 𝜀𝑠 𝜌𝑠 𝑔𝑦 + 𝐹𝐷𝑦 − [ 𝜏𝑥𝑦 + 𝜏 ]
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑦𝑦 𝑠
Fluctuating energy (granular temperature)

3 𝜕 𝜕
( (𝜌𝑠 𝜀𝑠 𝑢𝑠 𝜃𝑠 ) + (𝜌 𝜀 𝑣 𝜃 ))
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
𝜕 𝜕
= (−𝑃𝑠 (𝑢𝑠 ) − 𝑃𝑠 (𝑣 ))
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑠
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
+ [𝜏𝑥𝑥,𝑠 (𝑢𝑠 ) + 𝜏𝑦𝑦,𝑠 (𝑣𝑠 ) + 𝜏𝑥𝑦,𝑠 ( (𝑢𝑠 ) + (𝑣 ))]
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝑠
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
+ (𝑘𝜃𝑠 𝜃𝑠 ) + (𝑘𝜃𝑠 𝜃)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑠
Constitutive relations:
ρl  constant
ρs  constant
μl  constant
𝜀𝑠 + 𝜀𝑙 = 1
Drag:
𝐹𝐷𝑦 = 𝛽(𝑣𝑙 − 𝑣𝑠 )
𝐹𝐷𝑥 = 𝛽(𝑢𝑙 − 𝑢𝑠 )
Where:
3 𝐶𝐷 𝜀𝑠 𝜀𝑙 𝜌𝑙 (𝑣
⃗⃗⃗𝑠 − 𝑣
⃗⃗⃗𝑙 ) −2.65
𝛽=( ) 𝜀𝑙
4 𝑑𝑠
24
[1 + 0.15(𝜀𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑝 )0.687 ]
𝐶𝐷 = {𝜀𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑃 , 𝑅𝑒𝑝 ≤ 1000
0.44, 𝑅𝑒𝑝 > 1000
𝛾𝜃𝑠 = 0

15𝑑𝑠 𝜌𝑠 𝜀𝑠 √𝜃𝑠 𝜋 12 16
𝑘𝜃𝑠 = [1 + 𝑛2 (4𝑛 − 3)𝜀𝑠 𝑔0 + (41 − 33𝑛)𝑛𝜀𝑠 𝑔0 ]
4(41 − 33𝑛) 5 15𝜋
1 3 𝜀𝑠 1/3 −1 3
𝑛 = ( ) (1 + 𝑒𝑠𝑠 ), 𝑔0 = [1 − ( ) ] ≈ 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒
2 5 𝜀𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 5
Stress: 𝜇𝑏 = 0

𝜕 2 𝜕 𝜕
𝜏𝑥𝑥,𝑙 = −𝜀𝑙 𝜇𝑙 (2 (𝑢𝑙 )) + 𝜀𝑙 ( 𝜇𝑙 ) ( (𝑢𝑙 ) + (𝑣 ))
𝜕𝑥 3 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑙
𝜕 2 𝜕 𝜕
𝜏𝑥𝑥,𝑠 = −𝜇𝑠 𝜀𝑠 (2 (𝑢𝑠 )) + 𝜀𝑠 ( 𝜇𝑠 ) ( (𝑢𝑠 ) + (𝑣 ))
𝜕𝑥 3 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑠
𝜕 2 𝜕 𝜕
𝜏𝑦𝑦,𝑙 = −𝜇𝑙 𝜀𝑙 (2 (𝑣𝑙 )) + 𝜀𝑙 ( 𝜇𝑙 ) ( (𝑢𝑙 ) + (𝑣 ))
𝜕𝑦 3 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑙
𝜕 2 𝜕 𝜕
𝜏𝑦𝑦,𝑠 = −𝜇𝑠 𝜀𝑠 (2 (𝑣𝑠 )) + 𝜀𝑠 ( 𝜇𝑠 ) ( (𝑢𝑠 ) + (𝑣 ))
𝜕𝑦 3 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑠
𝜕 𝜕
𝜏𝑥𝑦,𝑙 = 𝜏𝑦𝑥,𝑙 = −𝜇𝑙 𝜀𝑙 ( (𝑢𝑙 ) + (𝑣 ))
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝑙
𝜕 𝜕
𝜏𝑥𝑦,𝑠 = 𝜏𝑦𝑥,𝑠 = −𝜇𝑠 𝜀𝑠 ( (𝑢𝑠 ) + (𝑣 ))
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝑠

Solid viscosity:
𝜇𝑠 = 𝜇𝑠,𝑐𝑜𝑙 + 𝜇𝑠,𝑘𝑖𝑛 + 𝜇𝑠,𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐
𝜇𝑠,𝑐𝑜𝑙 = 0, 𝜇𝑠,𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐 = 0
 𝜀𝑠 𝜌𝑠 𝑑𝑠 √𝜃𝑠 𝜋 2
𝜇𝑠 = [1 + (1 + 𝑒𝑠𝑠 )(3𝑒𝑠𝑠 − 1)𝜀𝑠 𝑔0 ]
6(3 − 𝑒𝑠𝑠 ) 3
Solid pressure:
𝑃𝑠 = 𝜌𝑠 𝛼𝑠 𝜃𝑠 + 2𝜌𝑝 (1 + 𝑒𝑝𝑝 )𝛼𝑠2 𝑔0 𝜃𝑠 = 𝜌𝑠 𝛼𝑠 𝜃𝑠 , 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚

Solving for cross-section of square channel:

𝑎
BC: No slip @ wall 𝑢𝑙 = 𝑢𝑠 = 𝑣𝑙 = 𝑣𝑠 = 0 @ (𝑥 = ± , 𝑦)
2
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
Symmetry @ = 0 (𝑢𝑙 ) = (𝑢𝑠 ) = (𝑣𝑙 ) = (𝑣𝑠 ) = 0 @(𝑥 = 0, 𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

Inlet conditions 𝑢𝑙 , 𝑢𝑠 , 𝑣𝑙 , 𝑣𝑠, 𝜀𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 @ 𝑦 = 0

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
Outlet conditions (𝑢𝑙 ) = (𝑢𝑠 ) = (𝑣𝑙 ) = (𝑣𝑠 ) = 0 or measure them
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

𝜕 𝜕
Granular temperature (𝜃𝑠 ) = (𝜃𝑠 ) = 0 @ (𝑥 = 0, 𝑦)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Problem closure
Unknowns: 𝑢𝑙 , 𝑢𝑠 , 𝑣𝑙 , 𝑣𝑠 , 𝜀𝑠 , 𝑃, 𝜃 after constitutive relations
7 equations  2 continuity, 4 momentum, granular temperature