Formula Sheet for CVT:

1
𝑧 = 𝑟(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃); 𝑤𝑘 = 𝑟 𝑛 [cos(𝜃+2𝑘𝜋 ) + 𝑖 sin(𝜃++2𝑘𝜋 ) ], 𝑘 = 0,1,2, … , 𝑛 − 1.
n nth roots 𝑛 𝑛

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
CR-equations = and =−
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

If 𝑓(𝑧) is analytic at all points within and on C, then ∮𝐶 𝑓 (𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 0. (C is a simple

C.G.T
closed contour)
If 𝑓(𝑧) is analytic on each of simple closed contours 𝐶, 𝐶1 , 𝐶2 , … 𝐶𝑛 (with (+𝑣𝑒
C.G.T for orientations) and at each point interior to 𝐶 but exterior to all the 𝐶𝑘 , 𝑘 = 1,2, . . 𝑛.
Multiply then
connected 𝑛

domain ∮ 𝑓 (𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = ∑ ∮ 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧

𝐶 𝑘=1 𝐶𝑘
1
∮𝐶 𝑧−𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖, where, 𝑧0 lies within C.
0
1
A Basic Result ∮𝐶 (𝑧−𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = 0, where, 𝑧0 lies within C.
𝑛
0)
(C is a simple closed contour)
𝑓(𝑧)
C.I.F-1: ∮𝐶 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖𝑓(𝑧0 ) where 𝑧0 lies inside C
𝑧−𝑧 0
Cauchy Integral 𝑓(𝑧)
Formulas (C.I.F) C.I.F-2: ∮𝐶 (𝑧−𝑧 𝑛+1
𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖
𝑛!
𝑓 (𝑛) (𝑧0 ) where 𝑧0 lies inside C
0)
(C is a simple closed contour)
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 ± 𝛽) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 ± 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 ± 𝛽) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 ∓ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽

1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽 = [𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 − 𝛽) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 + 𝛽)]
Some 2
Trigonometric 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 = [𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 − 𝛽) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 + 𝛽)]
Identities: 2
1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 = [𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 + 𝛽) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽)]
2
1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽 = [𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 + 𝛽) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽)]
2
Trigonometric 𝑒 𝑖𝑧 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝑧 𝑒 𝑖𝑧 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝑧
and Hyperbolic cos 𝑧 = , sin 𝑧 =
2 2𝑖
Functions
 𝑒 𝑧 + 𝑒 −𝑧 𝑒 𝑧 − 𝑒 −𝑧
cosh 𝑧 = , sinh 𝑧 =
2 2
Euler’s Formula 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃

DeMoivre's (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)𝑛 = cos(𝑛𝜃) + 𝑖 sin(𝑛𝜃)

theorem
r (r − 1) 2 r (r − 1)(r − 2) 3
Binomial Series: (1 + z )r = 1 + rz + z + z +  ; valid for z  1
2l 3l
• •

ln 𝑧 = ln| 𝑧| + 𝑖 (𝜃 + 2𝑛𝜋), (𝑛 = 0,1,2, … ), where 𝜃 = 𝐴𝑟𝑔(𝑧)

Natural Log.

𝑎𝑥
𝑒 𝑎𝑥
∫ 𝑒 sin (𝑏𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 [𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑏𝑥 ) − 𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑏𝑥 )] + 𝑐
Integrals: 𝑎 + 𝑏2
𝑒 𝑎𝑥
∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑏𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 [𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑏𝑥 ) + 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑏𝑥 )] + 𝑐
𝑎 + 𝑏2
∞
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥 ) = +∑ (𝑎𝑛 cos ( ) + 𝑏𝑛 sin ( )), where
2 𝑛=1 𝑝 𝑝
Fourier Series for 1 𝑝 1 𝑝 𝑛𝜋𝑥
2-𝑝 periodic 𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 ; 𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) 𝑑𝑥 ,
𝑝 −𝑝 𝑝 −𝑝 𝑝
functions 1 𝑝 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑛 = 1, 2, 3, ⋯.
𝑝 −𝑝 𝑝
1 ∞
𝑓(𝑥 ) = ∫0 (𝐴(𝛼 )cos(𝛼 𝑥 ) + 𝐵(𝛼 )𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 𝑥 )) 𝑑𝛼,
𝜋
∞ ∞
F. Integral Where, 𝐴(𝛼 ) = ∫−∞ 𝑓(𝑥) cos(𝛼 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 & 𝐵(𝛼) = ∫−∞ 𝑓(𝑥) sin(𝛼 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
F.S & F.C 2 ∞ ∞
𝑓(𝑥 ) = ∫0 𝐴(𝛼 )cos(𝛼 𝑥 )𝑑𝛼 , Where, 𝐴(𝛼 ) = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos(𝛼 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
Integrals 𝜋
2 ∞ ∞
C. F. Integral 𝑓(𝑥 ) = ∫0 𝐵(𝛼 )𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 𝑥 )𝑑𝛼 , Where, 𝐵(𝛼 ) = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin(𝛼 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝜋
1 ∞ ∞
𝑓(𝑥 ) = ∫ 𝐶 (𝛼 )𝑒 −𝑖𝛼 𝑥 𝑑𝛼, Where,
2𝜋 −∞
𝐶 (𝛼 ) = ∫−∞ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑒 𝑖𝛼 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∞
The Fourier ℱ {𝑓(𝑥 )} = ∫−∞ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑒 𝑖 𝛼 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 (𝛼 ), if −∞ < 𝑥 < ∞
Transform pair −1 {
1 ∞
ℱ 𝐹(𝛼)} = ∫ 𝐹(𝛼) 𝑒 − 𝑖 𝛼 𝑥 𝑑𝛼 = 𝑓(𝑥)
2𝜋 −∞
∞
ℱ𝑐 {𝑓(𝑥)} = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos(𝛼 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹𝑐 (𝛼), if 0 < 𝑥 < ∞
Fourier Cosine
2 ∞
Transform pair ℱ𝑐 −1 {𝐹𝑐 (𝛼)} = ∫ 𝐹𝑐 (𝛼) cos(𝛼 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝛼 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝜋 0
∞
ℱ𝑠 {𝑓(𝑥)} = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin(𝛼 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹𝑠 (𝛼) if 0 < 𝑥 < ∞
Fourier Sine
−1 2 ∞
Transform pair ℱ𝑠 {𝐹𝑠 (𝛼)} = ∫ 𝐹𝑠 (𝛼) sin(𝛼 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝛼 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝜋 0
 ℱ {𝑓 (𝑛) (𝑥 )} = (−𝑖𝛼 )𝑛 𝐹 (𝛼 )
Fourier
transforms of ℱ𝑆 {𝑓′(𝑥 )} = −𝛼 ℱ𝐶 {𝑓(𝑥 )} ; ℱ𝑆 {𝑓′′(𝑥 )} = −𝛼 2 𝐹 (𝛼 ) + 𝛼 𝑓(0)
derivatives: ℱ𝐶 {𝑓′(𝑥)} = 𝛼 ℱ𝑆 {𝑓(𝑥 )} − 𝑓(0) ; ℱ𝐶 {𝑓′′(𝑥)} = −𝛼 2 𝐹(𝛼) − 𝑓′(0)
∞
ℱ {𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)} = ∫−∞ 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑒 𝑖 𝛼 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑈(𝛼, 𝑦), if -∞ < 𝑥 < ∞
F.T of 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)
∞
w.r.t 𝑥 or 𝑦 ℱ {𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)} = ∫−∞ 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑒 𝑖 𝛼 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑈(𝑥, 𝛼), if -∞ < 𝑦 < ∞
𝜕𝑛
ℱ{ 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)} = (−𝑖𝛼)𝑛 𝑈(𝛼, 𝑦), if − ∞ < 𝑥 < ∞ (𝑛 = 1,2,3, …)
𝜕𝑥 𝑛
Fourier
transform of 𝜕𝑛 𝑑𝑛
ℱ{ 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)} = 𝑈(𝛼, 𝑦) if -∞ < 𝑥 < ∞
partial 𝜕𝑦 𝑛 𝑑𝑦 𝑛
derivatives
𝜕𝑛 𝑑𝑛
ℱ{ 𝑛
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡)} =𝑈(𝛼, 𝑡) if -∞ < 𝑥 < ∞
𝜕𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑛
𝑎𝑥
𝑒
∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 sin (𝑏𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 [𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑏𝑥 ) − 𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑏𝑥 )] + 𝑐
𝑎 + 𝑏2

Integrals: 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑏𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑏𝑥 ) + 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑏𝑥 )] + 𝑐
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2

∞
ℒ {𝑓(𝑡)} = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝐹(𝑠) and ℒ −1 {𝐹(𝑠)} = 𝑓(𝑡)
𝑘 𝑘
𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑘𝑡) 2 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ( 𝑘𝑡) 2 2
ℒ{ = {𝑠 +𝑘
𝑠 and ℒ{ = {𝑠 −𝑘
𝑠
𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑘𝑡) 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ( 𝑘𝑡)
𝑠 2 +𝑘 2 𝑠 2 −𝑘 2
𝑛 𝑛!
ℒ{𝑡 } = for𝑛 = 0,1,2,3, . . ..,
𝑠 𝑛+1
1
L {𝑒 𝑎𝑡 } =
𝑠−𝑎

ℒ{𝑓 (𝑛) (𝑡)} = 𝑠 𝑛 𝐹 (𝑠) − 𝑠 𝑛−1 𝑓 (0) − 𝑠 𝑛−2 𝑓 ′ (0) − ⋯ ⋯ − 𝑠𝑓 (𝑛−2) (0) − 𝑓 (𝑛−1) (0)
Laplce Transform
ℒ {𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝐹(𝑠 − 𝑎) (s-shifting)

ℒ {𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑎)𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎)} = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 ℒ { f (t )} = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 𝐹(𝑠),

0 if 0 ≤ 𝑡 < 𝑎
where 𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎) = { is unit step function. (𝑡 − 𝑎 → (𝑡 − 𝑎) + 𝑎 = 𝑡)
1 if 𝑡≥𝑎
OR
ℒ {𝑓(𝑡)𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎)} = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 ℒ{𝑓(𝑡 + 𝑎)} (𝑡 → 𝑡 + 𝑎) (Formula 6 & 6* are called t-shifting)
L{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝐹(𝑠 − 𝑎) (s-shifting)
 L{𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑎)𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎)} = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 L { f (t )} = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 𝐹(𝑠), where 𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎) is unit step
function.
(𝑡 − 𝑎 → (𝑡 − 𝑎) + 𝑎 = 𝑡) (t-shifting) OR
L {𝑓(𝑡)𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎)} = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 L{𝑓(𝑡 + 𝑎)} (𝑡 → 𝑡 + 𝑎) (t-shifting)
𝑑𝑛 𝑑𝑛
L{𝑡 𝑛 𝑓(𝑡)} = (−1)𝑛 𝑛
𝐹(𝑠)=(−1)𝑛 L{𝑓(𝑡)}, (𝑛 = 1,2, … )
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝑛

𝑡
ℒ{∫0 𝑓(𝜏)𝑔(𝑡 − 𝜏)𝑑𝜏} = L{𝑓(𝑡)} ⋅ ℒ{𝑔(𝑡)} OR ℒ {𝑓 ∗ 𝑔} = 𝐹(𝑠) ⋅ 𝐺(𝑠)
𝑡 𝑡
Where 𝑓 ∗ 𝑔 = ∫0 𝑓(𝜏)𝑔(𝑡 − 𝜏)𝑑𝜏 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑡 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ; (𝜏 & 𝑥 are dummy variables).
Solution of 𝑦 ′ + 𝑝(𝑥 )𝑦 = 𝑞(𝑥 ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑦𝜇 = ∫ 𝜇𝑞 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐, with 𝜇 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
Solution of 𝑦 ′ − 𝛼𝑦 = 0 𝑖𝑠 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑒 𝛼𝑥

Solution of 𝑎𝑦 ′′ + 𝑏𝑦 ′ + 𝑐𝑦 = 0 𝑖𝑠 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑚1𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑚2𝑥 (𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒 1), or

𝑦 = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥)𝑒 𝑚1𝑥 (Case 2), or
ODEs 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝛼𝑥 [𝑐1 cos(𝛽𝑥 ) + 𝑐2 sin(𝛽𝑥)] (Case3).
solutions Solution of 𝑦′′ − 𝛼 2 𝑦 = 0 𝑖𝑠 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝛼𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝛼𝑥 =𝑐1 cosh (𝛼𝑥) + 𝑐2 sinh (𝛼𝑥)
Solution of 𝑦 ′′ +𝛼 2 𝑦 = 0 𝑖𝑠 𝑦 = 𝑐1 cos(𝛼𝑥 ) + 𝑐2 sin(𝛼𝑥)

Solution of 𝑎𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑏𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑐𝑦 = 0 𝑖𝑠 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑥 𝑚1 + 𝑐2 𝑥 𝑚2 (𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒 1), or

𝑦 = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 ln 𝑥 )𝑥 𝑚1 (Case 2) or
𝑦 = 𝑥 𝛼 [𝑐1 cos(𝛽 ln 𝑥 ) + 𝑐2 sin(𝛽 ln 𝑥)] (𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒 3),