A Level Maths

Formula Booklet
 Pure
Arithmetic Series
1
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛 𝑎+𝑙
2
1
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛 2𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
2

Geometric Series
𝑎(1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑆𝑛 =
1−𝑟
𝑎
𝑆∞ = for 𝑟 < 1
1−𝑟

Binomial Expansion
(𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 + 𝑛𝐶1 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑏 + 𝑛𝐶2 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑏 2 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝐶𝑟 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏 𝑟 + ⋯ + 𝑏 𝑛

𝑛 𝑛!
where 𝑛 ∈ ℕ and 𝑛𝐶𝑟 = =
𝑟 𝑟! 𝑛 − 𝑟 !

𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 2 𝑛 𝑛−1 … 𝑛−𝑟+1

(1 + 𝑥)𝑛 = 1 + 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥 + ⋯+ +⋯
1×2 1 × 2 × ⋯× 𝑟
for 𝑥 < 1, 𝑛 ∈ ℝ

Curved Surface Area

Surface area of sphere = 4𝜋𝑟 2
Area of curved surface of cone = 𝜋𝑟 × slant height

Exponentials and Logarithms

log 𝑏 (𝑥)
log 𝑎 (𝑥)
log 𝑏 (𝑎)
𝑒 𝑥ln(𝑎) = 𝑎 𝑥
Trigonometric Identities
sin 𝐴 ± 𝐵 ≡ sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 ± cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵
cos 𝐴 ± 𝐵 ≡ cos 𝐴 cos(𝐵) ∓ sin 𝐴 sin(𝐵)

tan 𝐴 ± tan 𝐵 1
tan 𝐴 ± 𝐵 ≡ 𝐴±𝐵 ≠ 𝑘+ 𝜋
1 ∓ tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵 2

𝐴±𝐵 𝐴∓𝐵
sin 𝐴 ± sin 𝐵 = 2 sin cos
2 2

𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵
cos 𝐴 + cos 𝐵 = 2 cos cos
2 2

𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵
cos 𝐴 − cos 𝐵 = −2 sin sin
2 2

Small Angle Approximations

sin(𝜃) ≈ 𝜃

1
cos 𝜃 ≈ 1 − 𝜃 2
2
tan(𝜃) ≈ 𝜃

Differentiation
𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ − 𝑓(𝑥)
First principles: 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑 𝑢 𝑥 𝑣 −𝑢
Quotient rule: = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑥 𝑣 2

𝒇(𝒙) 𝒇′(𝒙)
tan(𝑘𝑥) 𝑘sec 2 (𝑘𝑥)
sec(𝑘𝑥) 𝑘sec 𝑘𝑥 tan(𝑘𝑥)
cot(𝑘𝑥) −𝑘cosec 2 (𝑘𝑥)
cosec(𝑘𝑥) −𝑘cosec 𝑘𝑥 cot(𝑘𝑥)
Integration
𝑓′(𝑥)
න 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐
𝑓(𝑥)

𝑛 1
න 𝑓′ 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑓 𝑥 )𝑛+1 + 𝑐
𝑛+1

𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
Integration by parts: න 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − න 𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝒇(𝒙) න 𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

1
sec 2 (𝑘𝑥) tan 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑘
1
tan(𝑘𝑥) ln sec(𝑘𝑥) + 𝑐
𝑘
1
cot(𝑘𝑥) ln sin(𝑘𝑥) + 𝑐
𝑘
1
− ln cosec 𝑘𝑥 + cot 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑘
cosec(𝑘𝑥) 1 1
ln tan 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑘 2
1
− ln sec 𝑘𝑥 + tan 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑘
sec(𝑘𝑥) 1 1 𝜋
ln tan 𝑘𝑥 + +𝑐
𝑘 2 4

Numerical Methods
𝑏 1 𝑏−𝑎
Trapezium Rule: ‫ = 𝑥𝑑 𝑦 𝑎׬‬2 ℎ(𝑦0 + 𝑦𝑛 + 2(𝑦1 + 𝑦2 + ⋯ + 𝑦𝑛−1 )) where ℎ = 𝑛

𝑓(𝑥 )
Newton-Raphson iteration for solving 𝑓 𝑥 = 0 is 𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 − 𝑓′(𝑥𝑛 )
𝑛
 Statistics
Measures of Variation
Interquartile Range = IQR = 𝑄3 − 𝑄1

2
(σ 𝑥𝑖 )
𝑆𝑥𝑥 = ෍(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥)ҧ = 2
෍ 𝑥𝑖2 −
𝑛

Standard deviation = variance

𝑆𝑥𝑥
𝜎=
𝑛

σ 𝑥2
𝜎= − 𝑥ҧ 2
𝑛

σ(𝑥 − 𝑥)ҧ 2
𝜎=
𝑛

σ 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑥)ҧ 2
𝜎=
σ𝑓

σ 𝑓𝑥 2
𝜎= − 𝑥ҧ 2
σ𝑓
Probability
P A∪B = P A +P B −P A∩B
P A ∩ B = P A P(B|A)

P(A ∩ B)
P BA =
P(A)
P A′ = 1 − P A

P B A P(A)
P AB =
P B A P A + P B A′ P(A′ )

Independent Events
P BA =P B
P A B = P(A)
P A ∩ B = P A P(B)

Binomial Distribution
If 𝑋 ∼ 𝐵(𝑛, 𝑝), then:
𝑛 𝑥
P 𝑋=𝑥 = 𝑝 (1 − 𝑝)𝑛−𝑥
𝑥
𝑋ത = 𝑛𝑝
Var 𝑋 = 𝑛𝑝(1 − 𝑝)

Normal Distribution
If 𝑋 ∼ 𝑁(𝜇, 𝜎 2 ), then:

𝜎2
𝑋ത ∼ 𝑁 𝜇,
𝑛

𝑋ത − 𝜇
𝜎 ∼ 𝑁(0,1)
𝑛
 Mechanics
Motion in a Straight Line
𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡

1
𝑠= 𝑢+𝑣 𝑡
2
1
𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
2
1
𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
2

𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠

Motion in Two Dimensions

𝐯 = 𝐮 + 𝐚𝑡

1
𝐬= 𝐮+𝐯 𝑡
2
1
𝐬 = 𝐮𝑡 + 𝐚𝑡 2
2
1
𝐬 = 𝐯𝑡 − 𝐚𝑡 2
2