Lecture 4’s sequence

4.1 Single Phase Controlled Rectifiers

4.2 Three Phase Controlled Rectifiers

Single-Phase Controlled Rectifiers

Single Phase Controlled Half-Wave Rectifier

1

Single Phase Controlled Full-Wave Rectifier

2

Single Phase Bridge Half-Controlled Rectifier

3
Single Phase Controlled Half-Wave Rectifier- Resistive Load

Resistive Load

 A way to control the output of a half-wave rectifier is to

use an SCR1 instead of a diode.

 Two conditions must be met before the SCR can conduct:

1. The SCR must be forward-biased (𝑣𝑆𝐶𝑅 > 0).
2. A current must be applied to the gate of the SCR.

 The SCR will not begin to conduct as soon as the source

becomes positive. Conduction is delayed until a
gate current is applied, which is the basis for using
the SCR as a means of control. Once the SCR
is conducting, the gate current can be removed,
and the SCR remains on until the current goes to zero.
 Single Phase Controlled Half-Wave Rectifier- Resistive Load

Resistive Load

 If a gate signal is applied to the SCR at 𝜔𝑡 = 𝛼, where 𝛼 is the delay (firing or triggering) angle. The average (dc) voltage
across the load resistor and the average (dc) current are

1 𝑉𝑑𝑐
ℎ
𝑑 𝜔𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 (1 + cos𝛼) 𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑑𝑐 = 𝑉𝑜 = ∫ 𝛼𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝐼𝑑𝑐 = = (1 + cos𝛼)
2𝜋 2𝜋 𝑅 2𝜋𝑅

 The rms voltage across the resistor and the rms current are computed from

1 ℎ
𝑉𝑚 1
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = ∫ 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 2 𝑑 𝜔𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 1
𝜋−𝛼+
sin(2𝛼 ) 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
2𝜋 𝛼 sin(2𝛼 )
2 𝜋 2 = 𝜋−𝛼+
𝑅 2𝑅 𝜋
2
2
𝑟𝑚𝑠
 The power absorbed by the resistor is 𝑝𝑎𝑐 = 𝑉
𝑅
Single Phase Controlled Half-Wave Rectifier- Resistive Load

Resistive Load

Example: The single-phase half wave rectifier has a purely resistive load of R, and the delay angle is 𝛼 = 𝜋 /2 ,
determine: 𝑉𝑑𝑐, 𝐼 𝑑𝑐 , 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠, 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠.

Solution:
𝑉𝑚 𝜋 𝑉𝑚 𝜋
𝑑𝑐
2𝜋 2𝜋 2 𝑉2𝜋
𝑚 𝑑𝑐
2𝜋𝑅 𝑉𝑚 1 + cos 2𝜋𝑅
=
𝑉𝑚 𝐼 = 𝑉𝑚
𝑉 = 1 + cos𝛼 = 1 + cos𝛼 = 1 + cos =
2
𝑉𝑚 1 sin(2𝛼 ) 𝜋
𝜋 𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑚 1 sin(2 2 ) = 2𝜋𝑅
𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑉 = 𝜋−𝛼+ = 𝜋− 2 + 2 2 2
2 𝜋 2
2 𝜋
𝑉𝑚 1 sin(2 𝛼 ) 𝜋
𝜋 𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑚 1 sin(2 2 ) =
𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝐼 = 𝜋−𝛼+ = 𝜋− 2 + 2 2 2𝑅
2𝑅 𝜋 2
2𝑅 𝜋
Single Phase Controlled Half-Wave Rectifier- Resistive Load

Resistive Load

Example: Design a circuit to produce an average voltage of 40𝑉 across a 100 Ω load resistor from a 120𝑉 𝑟𝑚𝑠 ,
6 0 𝐻𝑧 ac source. Determine the power absorbed by the resistance and the power factor.
Solution:
𝑉𝑚 2𝜋 2𝜋
𝑉𝑑𝑐 = 1 + cos𝛼 so 𝛼 = cos−1 𝑉 𝑜 − 1 = cos−1 40 − 1 = 61.2 𝑜 = 1.07 rad
2𝜋 𝑉𝑚 2(120)

𝑉𝑚 1 2(120) 1 𝜋 sin 2(1.07) 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 75.6

𝑟𝑚𝑠 sin(2𝛼 ) = 𝜋− + = 75.6 𝑉 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = = 0.756 𝐴
𝑉 = 𝜋−𝛼+ 2 𝜋 2 2 𝑅 100
2 𝜋
2
2 75.6 2
𝑃𝑅 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = 57.1 W 𝑆 = 𝑉𝑠,𝑟𝑚𝑠𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 120 × 0.756 = 90.72 𝑉𝐴
𝑅 100

𝑃𝑅 57.1
𝑃𝐹 = = = 0.629
𝑆 90.72
 Single Phase Controlled Half-Wave Rectifier- Resistive Load

RL Load
The current is the sum of the forced and natural responses.
𝑉𝑚
𝑖 𝜔𝑡 = 𝑖 𝑓 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 = sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝐴𝑒 − 𝜔𝑡 / 𝜔𝜏
−𝑍𝜃
The constant A is determined from the initial condition 𝜔𝑡 = 𝛼, 𝑖 ( 𝛼 ) = 0:
𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑚
𝑖 𝛼 =0= sin 𝛼 − 𝜃 + 𝐴𝑒 − 𝛼 / 𝜔 𝜏 ⇒ 𝐴 = − sin(𝛼 − 𝜃 ) 𝑒 𝛼 / 𝜔 𝜏
𝑍 𝑍
Substituting for A and simplifying,

𝑉𝑚
𝑖 𝜔𝑡 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝜃 − sin(𝛼 − 𝜃 ) 𝑒 ( 𝛼 − 𝜔 𝑡 ) / 𝜔 𝜏 for 𝛼 ≤ 𝜔𝑡 ≤ 𝛽
={ 𝑍
0 otherwise

The extinction angle 𝛽 is defined as the angle at which the current returns to zero, as
in the case of the uncontrolled rectifier. When 𝜔𝑡 = 𝛽
𝑉𝑚
𝑖 𝛽 =0= sin 𝛽 − 𝜃 − sin(𝛼 − 𝜃 ) 𝑒 ( 𝛼 − 𝛽 ) / 𝜔 𝜏
Z
Single Phase Controlled Half-Wave Rectifier- Resistive Load

RL Load
The above equation must be solved numerically for 𝖰. The angle (𝖰 − 𝛼 ) is called the conduction angle 𝛶.

The average (dc) output voltage and current are

1 𝛽 𝑉𝑚 1 𝛽 𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑑𝑐 = 𝑉𝑜 = ∫ 𝛼𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑑 𝜔𝑡 = (cos𝛼 − cos 𝛽) 𝐼𝑑𝑐 = 𝐼𝑜 = ∫ 𝛼𝑖 𝜔𝑡 𝑑 𝜔𝑡 = (cos𝛼 − cos 𝛽)
2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋𝑅

The rms voltage and current are computed from

1 𝛽 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = ∫ 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 2 𝑑 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
𝑅2 + 𝜔𝐿 2
𝑍
2𝜋 𝜔𝑡
𝛼
1 2
𝑉𝑚
1 1
2
𝑉𝑚
1
𝛽 − 𝛼 − 𝑠𝑖𝑘2𝛽 + 𝑠𝑖𝑘2𝛼1 = 𝛽−𝛼− 𝑠𝑖𝑘2𝛽 + 𝑠𝑖𝑘2𝛼
= 𝑅2 + 𝜔𝐿 2 4 2 2
4ℎ 2
𝜋
2
Single Phase Controlled Half-Wave Rectifier- Resistive Load

RL Load

Example: For the circuit of controlled half-wave rectifier with RL Load, the source is 120 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 at 60 𝐻𝑧, 𝑅 = 20Ω, 𝐿
= 0. 04𝐻, and the delay angle is 45 𝑜 . Determine (a) an expression for 𝑖 ( 𝜔𝑡 ) , (b) the rms current, (c) the power absorbed by the
load, and (d) the power factor.

Solution:
a) An expression for 𝑖 ( 𝝎𝑡 )

𝑉𝑚 = 120 2 = 169.7 𝑉 𝑍= 𝑅2 + 𝜔𝐿 2 = 20 2 + 377 ∗ 0.04 2 = 25 Ω

𝜔𝐿 377 ∗ 𝜔𝐿 377 ∗ 0.04

𝜃= tan−1 = 0.646 rad 𝜔𝜏 = = = 0.754 𝛼 = 45 𝑜 = 0.785 rad
0.04 = tan
−1
𝑅 20
𝑅 20
𝜔𝑡
−
𝑖 𝜔𝑡 = 6.78 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 0.646 − 2.67𝑒 0.754 (A) for 𝛼 ≤ 𝜔𝑡 ≤ 𝛽
Single Phase Controlled Half-Wave Rectifier- Resistive Load

RL Load
b) rms current

2
1 3.79 𝜔𝑡
∫ 6.78 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 0.646 − 2.67𝑒 − 0.754 = 3.26 𝐴
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 2𝜋 0.785

c) Power absorbed by the load

𝑃 = 𝐼 2𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑅 = 3.26 2 20 = 213 W

d) Power factor

𝑃 213
𝑝𝑓 = = = 0.54
𝑆 (120)(3.26)
Single Phase Controlled Rectifiers

Single Phase Controlled Half-Wave Rectifier

1

Single Phase Controlled Full-Wave Rectifier

2

Single Phase Bridge Half-Controlled Rectifier

3
Single Phase Controlled Full-Wave Rectifier

 The first figure shows a fully controlled bridge rectifier, which uses four
thyristors to control the average load voltage.
 Thyristors 𝑇1 and 𝑇2 must be fired simultaneously during the positive half
wave of the source voltage vs to allow conduction of current. To ensure
simultaneous firing, thyristors 𝑇1 and 𝑇2 use the same firing signal.
 Alternatively, thyristors 𝑇3 and 𝑇4 must be fired simultaneously during the
negative half wave of the source voltage.

 For the center-tapped transformer rectifier, 𝑇1 is forward-biased

when 𝑣 𝑠 is positive, and 𝑇2 is forward-biased when 𝑣 𝑠 is negative,
but each will not conduct until it receives a gate signal.

 The delay angle is the angle interval between the forward biasing of the SCR and the gate
signal application. If the delay angle is zero, the rectifiers behave exactly as uncontrolled rectifiers with
diodes.
 Single Phase Controlled Half-Wave Rectifier- Resistive Load

Resistive Load
 The average component of the output voltage and current waveforms are
determined from

1 ℎ 𝑉𝑑𝑐 𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑑𝑐 = 𝑉𝑜 = ∫ 𝛼𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑑 𝜔𝑡 = (1 + cos𝛼) 𝐼𝑑𝑐 = = (1 + cos𝛼)
𝜋 𝜋 𝑅 𝜋𝑅

 The rms component of the output voltage and current waveforms are determined
from

1 ℎ 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 1 sin(2𝛼)
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = ∫ 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 2 𝑑 𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝜋−𝛼+
𝜔𝑡 𝑅
𝑉𝑚 𝑅 2𝜋 2
𝜋
𝛼 𝐼 = =
1
The rms current
= 𝑉𝑚 𝜋𝛼−) 𝛼 +
sin(2
2𝜋 2 in the source is
the same as the
rms current in
 The power delivered to the load is 𝑝 = 𝐼 2𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑅 the load.
Single Phase Controlled Half-Wave Rectifier- Resistive Load

Resistive Load

Example: The full-wave controlled bridge rectifier has an ac input of 120𝑉 𝑟 𝑚𝑠 at 60𝐻𝑧 and a 20Ω load resistor. The delay
angle is 40 𝑜 . Determine: a) the average current in the load, b) the power absorbed by the load, and c) the power factor.

Solution:
a) Average current in the load
𝑉𝑚 2(120) 𝑉𝑑𝑐 95.4
𝑉𝑑𝑐 = 1 + cos𝛼 = 1 + cos 40 𝑜 = 95.4 𝑉 𝐼𝑑𝑐 = = = 4.8 𝐴
𝜋 𝜋 𝑅 20

b) Power absorbed by the load

𝑉𝑚 1 2(120) 1 0.698 sin(2 ∗

𝑟𝑚𝑠 sin(2𝛼 ) = 0.698) = 5.8 𝐴
𝐼 = 𝜋−𝛼+ 20 𝜋− +
𝑅 2𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋 4𝜋
2
𝑃 = 𝐼 2𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑅 = 5.8 2 20 = 673 W
Single Phase Controlled Half-Wave Rectifier- Resistive Load

Resistive Load

c) Power factor
The rms current in the source is also 5. 8 𝐴, and the apparent power of the source is

120 (5.8) = 696 𝑉𝐴

𝑆 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 =

𝑃 672
𝑝𝑓 = = = 0.967
𝑆 696
Single Phase Controlled Half-Wave Rectifier- Resistive Load

RL Load, Discontinuous Current

Load current for a controlled full-wave rectifier with an RL

load (Fig. (a)) can be either continuous or discontinuous.

For discontinuous current:

1. At 𝜔𝑡 = 0 with zero load current, SCRs 𝑇1 and 𝑇2 in the bridge rectifier will be forward-biased and 𝑇3 and 𝑇4 will be
reverse-biased as the source voltage becomes positive.
2. Gate signals are applied to 𝑇1 and 𝑇2 at 𝜔𝑡 = 𝛼, turning 𝑇1 and 𝑇2 on. With 𝑇1 and 𝑇2 on, the load voltage is equal to the
source voltage.

The output current can be given as

𝑉𝑚
𝑖𝑜 𝜔𝑡 = sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝜃 − sin(𝛼 − 𝜃 ) 𝑒 −( 𝜔𝑡 − 𝛼 )/ 𝜔𝜏 for 𝛼 ≤ 𝜔𝑡 ≤ 𝛽
𝑍
𝜔𝐿 𝐿
𝑍= 𝑅2 + 𝜔𝐿 2 𝜃= tan−1 a
𝑅 𝑅
n
d
𝜏
=
Single Phase Controlled Half-Wave Rectifier- Resistive Load

RL Load, Discontinuous Current

The above current function becomes zero at 𝜔𝑡 = 𝛽. If the

current remains at zero until 𝜔𝑡 = 𝜋 + 𝛼 when gate signals are
applied to T3 and T4 which are then forward-biased and begin
to conduct. This mode of operation is called discontinuous
current as shown in Fig. (b).

𝛽<𝜋+ 𝛼 → Discontinuous current

Analysis of the controlled full-wave rectifier operating in the

discontinuous current mode is identical to that of the controlled
half-wave rectifier except that the period for the output current
is 𝜋 rather than 2 𝜋 rad.
Single Phase Controlled Half-Wave Rectifier- Resistive Load

RL Load, Discontinuous Current

The average (dc) output voltage and current are

𝑉𝑑𝑐
1 𝛽 𝐼𝑑𝑐 = 𝐼𝑜 = 𝑉𝑚 (cos𝛼 − cos𝛽)
𝑅 =
𝑉𝑑𝑐 = 𝑉𝑜 = ∫ 𝛼𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑑 𝜔𝑡 𝜋𝑅
𝜋
𝑉𝑚
= (cos𝛼 − cos𝛽)
𝜋

The rms voltage and current are computed from

𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
2
𝑉𝑚
1 1 𝑍 =
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝛽 − 𝛼 − 𝑠𝑖𝑘2𝛽 + 𝑠𝑖𝑘2𝛼 𝑅2 + 𝜔𝑅 2
2 2 2
𝜋
1 2
𝑉𝑚
1 1
= 𝛽−𝛼− 𝑠𝑖𝑘2𝛽 + 𝑠𝑖𝑘2𝛼
𝑅2 + 𝜔𝐿 2 2 2 2
𝜋
Single Phase Controlled Half-Wave Rectifier- Resistive Load

RL Load, Discontinuous Current

Example: A controlled full-wave bridge rectifier has a source of 120𝑉 𝑟 𝑚𝑠 at 60𝐻𝑧, 𝑅 = 10Ω, 𝐿 = 20𝑚𝐻, 𝛼 = 60 𝑜 , 𝖰 = 216 𝑜 .
Determine (a) an expression for load current, (b) the average load current, and (c) the power absorbed by the load.

Solution:

𝑉𝑚 = 120 2 = 169.7 𝑉 𝜔𝐿 (377)(0.02)

𝜃 = tan−1 = tan−1 = 0.646 rad
𝑅 10
𝑍= 𝑅2 + 𝜔𝐿 2 = 10 2 + (377)(0.02) 2 = 12.5 Ω 𝜔𝐿 (377)(0.02)
𝜔𝜏 = = = 0.754 rad
𝑅 10
𝛼 = 60 𝑜 = 1.047 rad
a) An expression for load current

𝑖𝑜 𝜔𝑡 = 13.6 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 0.646 − 21.2𝑒 − 𝜔𝑡 /0.754 (A) for 𝛼 ≤ 𝜔𝑡 ≤ 𝛽

Since 𝜋 + 𝛼 = 4.19 > 𝛽, the current is discontinuous, and the above expression for current is valid.
Single Phase Controlled Half-Wave Rectifier- Resistive Load

RL Load, Discontinuous Current

b) Average load current

𝑉𝑚 169.7
𝐼𝑑𝑐 = cos𝛼 − cos𝛽 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠60𝑜 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 216 𝑜 = 7.07 𝐴
𝜋𝑅 10𝜋

c) Power absorbed by the load

1 2
𝑉𝑚
1 1
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝛽−𝛼− 𝑠𝑖𝑘2𝛽 + 𝑠𝑖𝑘2𝛼
𝑅2 + 𝜔𝐿 2 2 2 2
𝜋
1 169.7 2 1 1
= 3.78 − 1.047 − sin (2)(216) + sin (2)(60) = 8.8 𝐴
10 2 + 377)(10 2 2𝜋 2 2

𝑝 = 𝐼 2𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑅 = (8.8 2 ) 10 = 774.4 W

Single Phase Controlled Half-Wave Rectifier- Resistive Load

RL Load, Continuous Current

 If the load current is still positive at 𝜔𝑡 = 𝜋 + 𝛼 when gate signals

are applied to T3 and T4 in the above analysis, 𝑇3 and 𝑇4 are turned
ON and 𝑇1 and 𝑇2 are forced OFF.
 The initial condition for current in the second half-cycle is not zero.

In continuous current 𝜔𝑡 = 𝜋 + 𝛼. The current at 𝜔𝑡 = 𝜋 + 𝛼 mus be

greater than zero for continuous-current operation.

𝑖 𝜋+𝛼 ≥0

sin 𝜋 + 𝛼 − 𝜃 − sin(𝜋 + 𝛼 − 𝜃 ) 𝑒 ( ℎ + 𝛼 − 𝛼 ) / 𝜔 𝜏 ≥ 0

Using
sin 𝜋 + 𝛼 − 𝜃 = sin(𝜃 − 𝛼 )

sin(𝜃 − 𝛼 ) 1 − 𝑒 − ℎ )/ 𝜔𝜏
≥0
Single Phase Controlled Half-Wave Rectifier- Resistive Load

RL Load, Continuous Current

Solving for 𝛼 : 𝛼 ≤𝜃

𝝎𝐿 𝝎𝐿
Using: 𝜃 = tan−1 𝛼 ≤ tan−1 → Continuous current
𝑅 𝑅

The average (dc) output voltage and current

are
𝑉𝑑𝑐 = 1∫
𝛼+ℎ
𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑑 𝜔𝑡 = 2𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑑𝑐 2𝑉𝑚
𝜋 cos𝛼 𝐼𝑑𝑐 = = cos𝛼
𝛼 𝜋 𝑅 𝜋𝑅

The rms voltage and current are computed

from
𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
1 𝛼+ℎ 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑉𝑚
∫ 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 2 𝑑 𝜔𝑡 = 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = =
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝜋 𝛼 𝑍
2 𝑅2 + 𝜔𝐿 2
2
=
𝑅2 + 𝜔𝑅 2
Single Phase Controlled Half-Wave Rectifier- Resistive Load

Highly Inductive Load, L>>R

 The behavior of the fully controlled rectifier with

resistive-inductive load (with highly inductive load)
is shown in the figure. The high-load inductance
generates a perfectly filtered current and the
rectifier behaves like a current source. With
continuous load current, thyristors 𝑇1 and 𝑇2 remain
in the ON-state beyond the positive half-wave of the
source voltage 𝑣 𝑠 . For this reason, the load voltage
can have a negative instantaneous value.
 The firing of thyristors 𝑇3 and 𝑇4 has two effects:
• They turn off thyristors 𝑇1 and 𝑇2.
• After the commutation they conduct the load
current.
Single Phase Controlled Half-Wave Rectifier- Resistive Load

Highly Inductive Load, L>>R

The average (dc) output voltage and current

are
𝑉𝑑𝑐 = 1∫
𝛼+ℎ
2𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑑𝑐 2𝑉𝑚
𝜋 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑑 𝜔𝑡 = cos𝛼 𝐼𝑑𝑐 = = cos𝛼
𝛼 𝜋 𝑅 𝜋𝑅

The rms voltage and current are computed

from
1 𝛼+ℎ 𝑉𝑚
∫ 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 2 𝑑 𝜔𝑡 =
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝜋 𝛼 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝐼𝑑𝑐 = 𝐼𝑎
2
Single Phase Controlled Rectifiers

Single Phase Controlled Half-Wave Rectifier

1

Single Phase Controlled Full-Wave Rectifier

2

Single Phase Bridge Half-Controlled Rectifier

3
Single Phase Bridge Half-Controlled Rectifier

 The rectifier shown in the figure consists of a combination of thyristors and diodes
and used to eliminate any negative voltage occurrence at the load terminals.
This is because the diode 𝐷 𝐹 𝐷 is always activated (forward biased)
whenever the load voltage tends to be negative. For one total period of
operation of this circuit.
The average (dc) voltage across the load and the average (dc) current are
𝑉 𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑑𝑐 = 𝑚 1 + cos𝛼 𝐼𝑑𝑐 = 1 + cos𝛼
𝜋 𝜋𝑅

The rms component of the output voltage and current waveforms are determined from

1 𝛼 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 1 𝛼
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑉𝑚 sin2𝛼 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = sin2𝛼
2 𝑅
1− + 2 1− +
𝜋 𝜋
2𝜋 2𝜋
The power delivered to the load is 𝑝 = 𝐼 2𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑅
Lecture 4’s sequence

4.1 Single Phase Controlled Rectifiers

4.2 Three Phase Controlled Rectifiers

Three Phase Controlled Rectifiers

Controlled Three Phase Half-Wave Rectifiers

1

Controlled Three Phase Half-Wave Rectifiers with Freewheeling Diode

2

Controlled Three Phase Full-Wave Rectifiers

3

Three Phase Full-Wave Half Controlled Rectifiers

4
Controlled Three Phase Half-Wave Rectifiers

 The thyristor will conduct (ON state), when the anode-to-cathode voltage is positive and a firing current
pulse is applied to the gate terminal. Delaying the firing pulse by an angle 𝛼 controls the load voltage.
 The possible range for gating delay is between 𝛼 = 0 𝑜 and 𝛼 = 180 𝑜 , but because of commutation
problems in actual situations, the maximum firing angle is limited to around 160◦.
Controlled Three Phase Half-Wave Rectifiers

 When the load is resistive, current 𝑖 𝐷 has the same

waveform of the load voltage. As the load becomes
more and more inductive, the current flattens and
finally becomes constant. The thyristor goes to the
non-conducting condition (OFF state) when the is
following thyristor switched ON, or the current,
tries to reach a negative value.
Controlled Three Phase Half-Wave Rectifiers

Continuous & Dicscontinuous Conduction in Three-Phase Controlled Rectifier

For resistive load:

 0 o ≤ 𝛼 ≤ 30 o , output voltage is continuous.
 30 o ≤ 𝛼 ≤ 12 o , output voltage is discontinuous and
has some intervals in which output voltage is
zero.
 𝛼 > 150 o , output voltage is zero.
Resistive load Resistive load Resistive load
Firing angle α = 0º Firing angle α = 30º Firing angle 30º <= α <= 150° (α= 60º)
For Inductive load:
 There is no discontinuous conduction mode for
three-phase controlled rectifier if 𝐿 ≫ 𝑅.
 But if 𝐿 ≈ 𝑅 or firing angle is very large,
discontinuities can be seen in output as
output voltage can become zero in certain
RLload
intervals (those intervals in which
inductor has quickly dissipated its energy
and firing angle hasn’t reached).
Controlled Three Phase Half-Wave Rectifiers

The RL load voltage is modified by changing firing

angle 𝛼. When 𝛼 < 90 o , 𝑉𝑑𝑐 is positive and when 𝛼
> 90 o , the average dc voltage becomes negative. In
such a case, the rectifier begins to work as an inverter
and the load needs to be able to generate power
reversal by reversing its dc voltage.
 Controlled Three Phase Half-Wave Rectifiers

For RL Load

Let

𝑉𝑎𝑛 = 𝑉𝑚sin𝜔𝑡

𝑉𝑏𝑛 = 𝑉𝑚sin(𝜔𝑡 − 2 𝜋 /3)

𝑉𝑐𝑛 = 𝑉𝑚sin(𝜔𝑡 − 4 𝜋 /3)

ℎ
𝑇1 is triggered at 𝜔𝑡 = 6 + 𝛼 = 30 o + 𝛼

𝑇2 is triggered at 𝜔𝑡 = 5ℎ = 150 o + 𝛼
6 +𝛼

𝑇3 is triggered at 𝜔𝑡 = 7ℎ = 270 o + 𝛼
6 +𝛼

2ℎ
Each thytistor conducts for 120 o or 3 radians
Controlled Three Phase Half-Wave Rectifiers

For RL Load

Load current is always continuous. The dc component of the output voltage is the average value, and load
current is the resistor voltage divided by resistance.

3 5ℎ 6 +𝛼 3 3𝑉𝑚 3 3𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑑𝑐 =
2𝜋
∫ℎ 𝑉𝑚sin ω𝑡 𝑑 ω𝑡 =
2𝜋
cosα 𝐼𝑑𝑐 = 𝑉𝑑𝑐 = cosα
𝑅 2𝜋𝑅
6+𝛼

The rms component of the output voltage and current waveforms are determined from

3 5ℎ6 +𝛼 1 3
∫ 𝑉𝑚sinω𝑡 2 𝑑 ω𝑡 = 3𝑉𝑚 + cos2α
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 2𝜋 ℎ 6 8𝜋
6+𝛼

3𝑉𝑚 1 3
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = + cos2α
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 6 8𝜋
𝑅2 + 𝜔𝐿 2 𝑅2 + 𝜔𝐿 2
 Controlled Three Phase Half-Wave Rectifiers

For Resistive Load

In the case of a three-phase half wave-controlled rectifier with resistive load, the
thyristor 𝑇1 is triggered at 𝝎 𝑡 = (30 o + 𝛼 ) and 𝑇1 conducts up to 𝝎 𝑡 = 180 o . When
the phase supply voltage decreases to zero, the load current falls to zero and the
thyristor 𝑇1 turns off. Thus, 𝑇1 conducts from 𝝎 𝑡 = (30 o + 𝛼 ) to (180 o ).

1) When 𝛼 ≤ 30 o

3 5ℎ6 +𝛼 3 3𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑑𝑐

𝑉𝑑𝑐 = ∫ 𝑉 𝑚 sin ω𝑡 𝑑 ω𝑡 = cosα 𝑑𝑐 3𝑉𝑚
2𝜋 ℎ 2𝜋 2𝜋𝑅 cosα
6 +𝛼
3𝑅
𝐼 = =

3 5ℎ6 +𝛼 1 3
∫ 𝑉𝑚sinω𝑡 2 𝑑 ω𝑡 = 3𝑉𝑚 + cos2α
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 2𝜋 ℎ 6 8𝜋
6+𝛼

3𝑉𝑚 1 3
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = + cos2α
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 6 8𝜋
𝑅2 + 𝜔𝐿 2 𝑅2 + 𝜔𝐿 2
 Controlled Three Phase Half-Wave Rectifiers

For Resistive Load

2) When 𝛼 ≥ 30 o

3 ℎ 3𝑉𝑚 𝜋
𝑉𝑑𝑐 = ∫ 𝑉𝑚sin ω𝑡 𝑑 ω𝑡 = 1+
2𝜋 ℎ cos(
6+𝛼 + 𝛼)
2𝜋
6
3𝑉𝑚 𝜋
𝐼𝑑𝑐 = 𝑉𝑑𝑐 = 1 + cos(
+ 𝛼)
𝑅
2𝜋𝑅 6

3 ℎ 3 1 𝜋
∫ 𝑉𝑚sinω𝑡 2 𝑑 ω𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 5𝜋 −𝛼+ sin + 2𝛼
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 2 ℎ 2 3
6+𝛼
𝜋 4𝜋 6

𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 3 5𝜋 1 𝜋
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
𝑅
= 𝑉𝑚 − 𝛼 + sin + 2𝛼
𝑅 4𝜋 6 2 3
Three Phase Controlled Rectifiers

Controlled Three Phase Half-Wave Rectifiers

1

Controlled Three Phase Half-Wave Rectifiers with Freewheeling Diode

2

Controlled Three Phase Full-Wave Rectifiers

3

Three Phase Full-Wave Half Controlled Rectifiers

4
Controlled Three Phase Half-Wave Rectifiers with
Freewheeling Diode
Three Phase Controlled Rectifiers

Controlled Three Phase Half-Wave Rectifiers

1

Controlled Three Phase Half-Wave Rectifiers with Freewheeling Diode

2

Controlled Three Phase Full-Wave Rectifiers

3

Three Phase Full-Wave Half Controlled Rectifiers

4
Controlled Three Phase Full-Wave Rectifiers

 Three phase full converter is a fully controlled bridge-

controlled rectifier using six thyristors connected in the form
of a full wave bridge configuration. All the six thyristors are
controlled switches which are turned on at an appropriate
times by applying suitable gate trigger signals.

 The three thyristors (𝑇1, 𝑇3 and 𝑇5) will not work together at the same time or two of them also will not work
together at the same time.
 The three thyristors (𝑇2, 𝑇4 and 𝑇6) will not work together at the same time or two of them also will not work
together at the same time.
 (𝑇1 and 𝑇4), (𝑇3 and 𝑇6) or (𝑇5 and 𝑇2) will not work together at the sametime.
 Each thyristor is triggered at an interval of 2 𝜋 /3 .
 Each thyristors pair ((𝑇6&𝑇1), (𝑇1&𝑇2), (𝑇2&𝑇3), (𝑇3&𝑇4), (𝑇4&𝑇5), (𝑇5&𝑇6)) is triggered at an interval of 𝜋 /3 .
 The frequency of output ripple voltage is 6𝑓𝑆.
Controlled Three Phase Full-Wave Rectifiers

 If 𝑇1 is triggered at (30 + 𝛼), 𝑇3 will be triggered at (30 + 𝛼 + 120) and 𝑇5 will be triggered at (30 + 𝛼
+ 240). 𝑇4 will be triggered at (30 + 𝛼 + 180), 𝑇6 will be triggered at (30 + 𝛼 + 1 2 0 + 180) and 𝑇2 will be
triggered at (30 + 𝛼 + 2 4 0 + 180).

Firing Angle T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
0o
30 o 90 o 150 o 210 o 270 o 330 o
30 o 60 o 120 o 180 o 240 o 300 o 360 o
60 o 90 o 150 o 210 o 270 o 330 o 390 o
90 o 120 o 180 o 240 o 300 o 360 o 420 o
Controlled Three Phase Full-Wave Rectifiers

Single-Pulse Firing Scheme Double-Pulse Firing

Scheme
 Thyristors are numbered in the order in which they are triggered.
 The thyristor triggering sequence is 12, 23, 34, 45, 56, 61, 12, 23, 34, …
Controlled Three Phase Full-Wave Rectifiers

 𝑇1 is triggered at 𝛚𝑡 = (30 + 𝛼 ) , 𝑇6 is already conducting when 𝑇1 is turned ON.

 During the interval (30 + 𝛼) to (90 + 𝛼), 𝑇1 and 𝑇6 conduct together & the output load voltage is equal to 𝑣 𝑜 = 𝑣 𝑎 𝑏
= (𝑣 𝑎 𝑛 − 𝑣 𝑏 𝑛 ).

 𝑇2 is triggered at 𝛚𝑡 = (90 + 𝛼 ) , 𝑇6 turns off naturally as it is reverse biased as soon as 𝑇2 is triggered. During the
interval (90 + 𝛼) to (150 + 𝛼), 𝑇1 and 𝑇2 conduct together & the output load voltage 𝑣 𝑜 = 𝑣 𝑎 𝑐 = (𝑣 𝑎 𝑛 − 𝑣 𝑐 𝑛 ).

 𝑇3 is triggered at 𝛚𝑡 = (150 + 𝛼 ) , 𝑇1 turns off naturally as it is reverse biased as soon as 𝑇3 is triggered. During the
interval (150 + 𝛼) to (210 + 𝛼), 𝑇2 and 𝑇3 conduct together & the output load voltage 𝑣 𝑜 = 𝑣 𝑏 𝑐 = (𝑣 𝑏 𝑛 − 𝑣 𝑐 𝑛 ).

 𝑇4 is triggered at 𝛚𝑡 = (210 + 𝛼 ) , 𝑇2 turns off naturally as it is reverse biased as soon as 𝑇4 is triggered. During the
interval (210 + 𝛼) to (270 + 𝛼), 𝑇3 and 𝑇4 conduct together & the output load voltage 𝑣 𝑜 = 𝑣 𝑏 𝑎 = (𝑣 𝑏 𝑛 − 𝑣 𝑎𝑛 ).

 𝑇5 is triggered at 𝛚𝑡 = (270 + 𝛼 ) , 𝑇3 turns off naturally as it is reverse biased as soon as 𝑇5 is triggered. During the
interval (270 + 𝛼) to (330 + 𝛼), 𝑇4 and 𝑇5 conduct together & the output load voltage 𝑣 𝑜 = 𝑣 𝑐 𝑎 = (𝑣 𝑐 𝑛 − 𝑣 𝑎 𝑛 ).

 𝑇6 is triggered at 𝛚𝑡 = (330 + 𝛼 ) , 𝑇4 turns off naturally as it is reverse biased as soon as 𝑇6 is triggered. During the
interval (330 + 𝛼) to (390 + 𝛼), 𝑇5 and 𝑇6 conduct together & the output load voltage 𝑣 𝑜 = 𝑣 𝑐 𝑏 = (𝑣 𝑐 𝑛 − 𝑣 𝑏 𝑛 ).
Controlled Three Phase Full-Wave Rectifiers

Vcb Vab Vac Vbc Vba Vca Vcb Vab Vac Vbc

ωt
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450 480 510 540

T5 T1 T3 T5 T1 T3
T6 T2 T4 T6 T2

T5,T6 T2,T3
T6,T1 T1,T2 T2,T3 T3,T4 T4,T5 T5,T6 T6,T1 T1,T2

Vo

ωt

iT1 ωt

iT2 ωt
iT3
ωt
o
When 𝛼 = 0 iT4
ωt
iT5
ωt

iT6 ωt

ia ωt

ib
ωt

ic ωt
Controlled Three Phase Full-Wave Rectifiers

Vcb Vab Vac Vbc Vba Vca Vcb Vab Vac Vbc

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450 480 510 540

T5 T1 T3 T5 T1
T6 T2 T4 T6 T2

T5,T6 T6,T1 T1,T2 T2,T3 T3,T4 T4,T5 T5,T6 T6,T1 T1,T2

When 𝛼 = 30 o Vo

ωt

T5 T1 T3 T5 T1
T4 T6 T2 T4 T6 T2

T4,T5 T5,T6 T6,T1 T1,T2 T2,T3 T3,T4 T4,T5 T5,T6 T6,T1 T1,T2

When 𝛼 = 60 𝑜 Vo

ωt
Controlled Three Phase Full-Wave Rectifiers

Vcb Vab Vac Vbc Vba Vca Vcb Vab Vac Vbc

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450 480 510 540

T5 T1 T3 T5 T1
T4 T6 T2 T4 T6

When 𝛼 = 90 𝑜 T4,T5 T5,T6 T6,T1 T1,T2 T2,T3 T3,T4 T4,T5 T5,T6 T6,T1

Vo
Output Voltage ωt
when 𝛼 = 90 o for
Resistive load

Vo
Output Voltage ωt
when 𝛼 = 90 o
for RL load
Controlled Three Phase Full-Wave Rectifiers

Thyristor one (𝑇1) VT1

Vcb Vab Vac Vbc Vba Vca Vcb Vab Vac Vbc
when
voltage for different 𝛼 = 0o
ωt
firing angles. 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450 480 510 540

VT1
Vcb Vab Vac Vbc Vba Vca Vcb Vab Vac Vbc
when
𝛼 = 30𝑜
ωt
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450 480 510 540

VT1 Vcb Vab Vac Vbc Vba Vca Vcb Vab Vac Vbc
when
𝛼 = 60𝑜 ωt
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420
450 480 510 540

VT1 Vcb Vab Vac Vbc Vba Vca Vcb Vab Vac Vbc
when
𝛼 = 90𝑜
ωt
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450 480 510 540
 Controlled Three Phase Full-Wave Rectifiers

Let
𝑉𝑎𝑛 = 𝑉𝑚sin𝜔𝑡 𝑉𝑏𝑛 = 𝑉𝑚sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑉𝑐𝑛 = 𝑉𝑚sin 𝜔𝑡 − 4 𝜋 /3

2 𝜋 /3 𝑉𝑐𝑎 = 3𝑉𝑚sin 𝜔𝑡 − 7 𝜋 /6

𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 3𝑉𝑚sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜋 /6 𝑉𝑏𝑐 = 3𝑉𝑚sin

𝜔𝑡 − 3 𝜋 /6
3 ℎ2+𝛼 3 3𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝑉𝑑𝑐 = ∫of the output
The dc component 3𝑉 sin 𝜔𝑡 +
voltage𝜋 /6
and 𝑑 𝜔𝑡 =
current can cosα 3𝑉
𝜋 ℎ 𝑚
𝜋be found as 𝑑𝑐 𝑚
𝜋𝑅 cosα
6 +𝛼
3𝑅
𝐼 = =
The rms component of the output voltage and current waveforms are determined from
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
ℎ 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
3 2
∫ 2 +𝛼 𝑅2 + 𝜔𝐿 2
3𝑉𝑚sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜋 /6
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝜋
ℎ6 3𝑉𝑚 1 3 3
+𝛼 𝑑 𝜔𝑡 = +
1 2 cos2α
4𝜋
𝑅2 + 𝜔𝐿 2

= 3𝑉𝑚 3 +3 cos2α
2 4𝜋
Controlled Three Phase Full-Wave Rectifiers

Special case: resistive load 𝛼 > 60 o

The dc component of the output voltage and current can be found as

3 ℎ
Vcb Vab Vac Vbc Vba Vca Vcb Vab Vac Vbc
3 3𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑑𝑐 = ∫ 3𝑉𝑚sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜋 /6 𝑑 𝜔𝑡 = cos 𝜋 /3 + α
𝜋 ℎ 𝜋
6 +𝛼 ωt
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450 480 510 540

3 3𝑉𝑚
𝐼𝑑𝑐 = 𝑉𝑑𝑐 = cos 𝜋 /3 + α
𝑅 𝜋𝑅
T5 T1 T3 T5 T1
The rms component of the output voltage and current waveforms are T4 T6 T2 T4 T6

3 ℎ 2 T4,T5 T5,T6 T6,T1 T1,T2 T2,T3 T3,T4 T4,T5 T5,T6 T6,T1

∫ 3𝑉𝑚sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜋 /6
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝜋ℎ Vo
6+𝛼 ωt
𝑑 𝜔𝑡
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
𝑅2 + 𝜔𝐿 2
𝛼 = 90 o
Controlled Three Phase Full-Wave Rectifiers

Example: A three-phase controlled rectifier has an input voltage which is 480𝑉 𝑟 𝑚𝑠 at 60𝐻𝑧. The load is modeled as a series
resistance and inductance with 𝑅 = 10Ω and 𝐿 = 50𝑚𝐻. Determine the delay angle required to produce an average current of
50𝐴 in the load.

Solution:

𝑉𝑑𝑐 = 𝐼𝑑𝑐𝑅 = 50 ∗ 10 = 500 𝑉

3𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 480 𝑉

𝜋𝑉𝑑𝑐 500𝜋
𝛼 = cos−1 = cos−1 = 39.5o
3 3𝑉𝑚 3 3(480)
Three Phase Controlled Rectifiers

Controlled Three Phase Half-Wave Rectifiers

1

Controlled Three Phase Half-Wave Rectifiers with Freewheeling Diode

2

Controlled Three Phase Full-Wave Rectifiers

3

Three Phase Full-Wave Half Controlled Rectifiers

4
Three Phase Full-Wave Half Controlled Rectifiers

 3-phase semi-converters are three phase half-controlled bridge-controlled rectifiers which employ three
thyristors and three diodes connected in the form of a bridge configuration. Three thyristors are controlled
switches which are turned on at appropriate times by applying appropriate gating signals. The three diodes
conduct when they are forward biased by the corresponding phase supply voltages.
 The power factor of 3-phase semi-converter decreases as the trigger angle 𝛼 increases. The power factor of
a 3-phase semi-converter is better than three phase half wave converter.
Three Phase Full-Wave Half Controlled Rectifiers

 Thyristor 𝑇1 is forward biased when the phase supply voltage 𝑣 𝑎 𝑛 is positive and greater than the other
phase voltages 𝑣 𝑏 𝑛 and 𝑣𝑐𝑛. The diode D1 is forward biased when the phase supply voltage 𝑣 𝑐 𝑛 is
more negative than the other phase supply voltages.

 Thyristor 𝑇2 is forward biased when the phase supply voltage 𝑣 𝑏 𝑛 is positive and greater than the other
phase voltages. Diode D2 is forward biased when the phase supply voltage van is more negative than
the other phase supply voltages.

 Thyristor 𝑇3 is forward biased when the phase supply voltage 𝑣 𝑐 𝑛 is positive and greater than the other
phase voltages. Diode D3 is forward biased when the phase supply voltage 𝑣 𝑏 𝑛 is more negative than
the other phase supply voltages.

 The frequency of the output supply waveform is 3 𝑓 𝑠 , where fS is the input ac supply frequency. The trigger
angle 𝛼 can be varied from 0 to 180 o .
Three Phase Full-Wave Half Controlled Rectifiers

For 𝛼 > 60 o

 During the period 𝜋 / 6 ≤ 𝜔𝑡 ≤ 7 𝜋 / 6 (i.e., 30 o ≤ 𝜔𝑡 ≤ 210 o (thyristor 𝑇1 is forward biased. If 𝑇1 is

triggered at 𝜔𝑡 = 𝜋 / 6 + 𝛼, 𝑇1 and 𝐷 1 conduct together, and the line-to-line supply voltage 𝑣 𝑎 𝑐
appears across the load. At 𝜔𝑡 = 7 𝜋 / 6 , 𝑣 𝑎 𝑐 starts to become negative and the free-wheeling diode 𝐷 𝑚
turns on and conducts. The load current continues to flow through the free-wheeling diode 𝐷 𝑚 and
thyristor 𝑇1 and diode
𝐷 1 are turnedoff.

 If the free-wheeling diode 𝐷 𝑚 is not connected across the load, then 𝑇1 would continue to conduct until the
thyristor 𝑇2 is triggered at 𝜔𝑡 = 5 𝜋 / 6 + 𝛼 and the free-wheeling action is accomplished through 𝑇1
and 𝐷2 , when 𝐷 2 turns on as soon as 𝑣 𝑎 𝑛 becomes more negative at 𝜔𝑡 = 7 𝜋 / 6 .
Three Phase Full-Wave Half Controlled Rectifiers

Waveforms for 𝛼 = 90 o
Three Phase Full-Wave Half Controlled Rectifiers

For 𝛼 < 60 o

If the trigger angle 𝛼 ≤ 𝜋 / 3

each thyristor conducts for
2 𝜋 / 3 and the free-wheeling
diode 𝐷 𝑚 does not conduct.

Waveforms for 𝛼 = 30 o
Three Phase Full-Wave Half Controlled Rectifiers

Let
𝑉𝑎𝑛 = 𝑉𝑚sin𝜔𝑡 𝑉𝑏𝑛 = 𝑉𝑚sin 𝜔𝑡 − 2 𝜋 /3 𝑉𝑐𝑛 = 𝑉𝑚sin 𝜔𝑡 − 4 𝜋 /3

For 𝛼 > 60 o and Discontinuous Output Voltage

𝜋
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑎𝑐 =
3𝑉𝑚sin 𝜔𝑡 −
6

The dc component of the output voltage and7ℎ current can be found as

3 3 3𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑑𝑐 = ∫ 3𝑉𝑚sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝜋 /6 𝑑 𝜔𝑡 = 1 + cos𝛼
2𝜋 ℎ 2𝜋
6 6+𝛼

3 3𝑉𝑚
𝐼𝑑𝑐 = 𝑉𝑑𝑐 = 1 + cos𝛼
𝑅 2𝜋𝑅
 Three Phase Full-Wave Half Controlled Rectifiers

The rms component of the output voltage and current waveforms are determined from

7ℎ
2 𝛼
∫
3 𝜋 3𝑉𝑚
𝑑 𝜔𝑡 = sin2𝛼
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 2ℎ 3𝑉𝑚sin 𝜔𝑡 − 2 1− +
6 6
𝜋6+𝛼 𝜋
2𝜋

3𝑉𝑚 𝛼 sin2𝛼
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 1− +
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝜋 2𝜋
𝑅2 + 𝜔𝐿 2 2 𝑅2 + 𝜔𝐿 2
Three Phase Full-Wave Half Controlled Rectifiers

For 𝛼 ≤ 60 o and Discontinuous Output Voltage

𝜋
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 3𝑉𝑚sin 𝜔𝑡 +
6

The dc component of the output voltage and current can be found as

ℎ
3 2 3𝑉𝑚sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜋 𝑑 𝜔𝑡 = 3 3𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑑𝑐 = ∫ 6 1 + cos𝛼
2𝜋 ℎ 2𝜋
6+𝛼

3 3𝑉𝑚
𝐼𝑑𝑐 = 𝑉𝑑𝑐 = 1 + cos𝛼
𝑅 2𝜋𝑅
 Three Phase Full-Wave Half Controlled Rectifiers

The rms component of the output voltage and current waveforms are determined from

ℎ 5ℎ
2 6 3𝑉𝑚 2
3 3(cos𝛼)2
𝑣2 𝑑( 𝜔𝑡 ) = +
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = ∫ 𝑎𝑏 𝑑 𝜔𝑡 + ∫ 𝑣2 𝑎𝑐
2 2 3 𝜋
ℎ
𝜋 ℎ
6+𝛼 2

3𝑉𝑚 2 3(cos𝛼 )2
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = +
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 3 𝜋
𝑅2 + 𝜔𝐿 2 2 𝑅2 + 𝜔𝐿 2
Question &
Answer