FLUID FLOW MEASUREMENTS

DEVICE COEFFICIENT
1. Coefficient of Contraction, 𝑪𝒄
Coefficient of contraction is the ratio of the Actual Area of the contracted section of the
stream to the area of the opening through which the fluid flows.
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑎 𝐴
𝐶𝑐 = = 𝑜𝑟 2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐴 𝐴1
DEVICE COEFFICIENT
2. Coefficient of Velocity, 𝑪𝒗
Coefficient of velocity is the ratio of the Actual mean Velocity to the theoretical Velocity
which occur which out any losses
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑉
𝐶𝑣 = =
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑉𝑇
DEVICE COEFFICIENT
3. Coefficient of Discharge, 𝑪𝒅 𝒐𝒓 𝑪
Coefficient of velocity is the ratio of the Actual Discharge through the device to the
theoretical discharge.
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑄
𝐶𝑑 = =
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑄𝑇

Actual Discharge may be accomplished through series of Theoretical Discharge can be accomplished using
observation measuring the volume of fluid passing Bernoulli’s Theorem.
through the device for period od time.
𝑄𝑡 = 𝑉𝑇 𝐴
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙
𝑄= =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡
 RELATIONSHIP OF COEFFICIENTS
Actual Discharge, 𝑄 = 𝐶 𝑥 𝑄𝑇

𝑄 = 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑥 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

𝑄 = 𝐶𝑐 𝐴 𝑥 𝐶𝑣 𝑉𝑇
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑐 𝐶𝑣 𝐴𝑉𝑇
𝑄𝑇 = 𝐴𝑉𝑇
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑐 𝐶𝑣 𝑄𝑇 𝑄 = 𝐶 𝑥 𝑄𝑇
Therefore;
𝐶 = 𝐶𝑐 𝐶𝑣
 DERIVATION
2
𝐴2 2
𝑃1 − 𝑃2 1 − 𝐴
𝐴1 𝑉22 1 − 𝐴2
= 𝑉2 2 ( ) 1 𝑃1 − 𝑃2
𝛾 2𝑔 = ( )
𝐶𝑣2 2𝑔 𝛾
2𝑔 𝑃1 − 𝑃2 2
𝑉2 = ( ) 𝐴
𝐴2 2 𝛾 𝑉22 1 − 𝐴2
1− 𝐴 𝑃1 − 𝑃2 1
1 =
𝛾 𝐶𝑣2 2𝑔
Theoretical Equation 1
𝑃1 𝑉1 2 𝑃2 𝑉2 2
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 2𝑔 𝑃1 − 𝑃2
𝑉2 = 𝐶𝑣 2 ( )
𝑄 = 𝐴1 𝑉1 = 𝐴2 𝑉2 𝐴 𝛾
1 − 𝐴2
𝐴2 𝑉2 1
𝑉1 = 𝑧1 = 𝑧2
𝐴1
𝐴2 𝑉2 2 Square both side
𝑃1 ( 𝐴1 ) 𝑃2 𝑉2
+ = +
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 2𝑔 𝑃1 − 𝑃2
𝐴 𝑉22 = 𝐶𝑣2 2( )
2 𝑉22 (𝐴2 )2 𝐴 𝛾
𝑃1 𝑃2 𝑉2 1 1 − 𝐴2
− = − 1
𝛾 𝛾 2𝑔 2𝑔
 DERIVATION
𝐴
𝑃1 𝑃2 𝑉2 2 𝑉22 (𝐴2 )2
1
− − 𝐻𝐿 = −
𝛾 𝛾 2𝑔 2𝑔
2
𝐴2
𝑃1 − 𝑃2 1 − 𝐴1
− 𝐻𝐿 = 𝑉2 2 ( )
𝛾 2𝑔
2
𝐴
Actual Velocity, 𝑃1 − 𝑃2 1 − 𝐴2
1
= 𝑉2 2 + HL
𝑃1 𝑉1 2 𝑃2 𝑉2 2 𝛾 2𝑔
+ + 𝑧1 − 𝐻𝐿 = + + 𝑧2
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 Equation 2

𝑄 = 𝐴1 𝑉1 = 𝐴2 𝑉2

𝐴2 𝑉2
𝑉1 = 𝑧1 = 𝑧2
𝐴1

𝐴2 𝑉2 2
(
𝑃1 𝐴1 ) 𝑃2 𝑉2
+ − 𝐻𝐿 = +
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔
 DERIVATION
Equation 1=Equation 2
2
𝐴 𝐴 2
𝑉22 1 − 𝐴2 1 − 𝐴2
1 1
= 𝑉2 2 + HL
𝐶𝑣2 2𝑔 2𝑔
2 2
1 𝑉22 𝐴2 𝑉22 𝐴2
. 1− = 1− + 𝐻𝐿
𝐶𝑣2 2𝑔 𝐴1 2𝑔 𝐴1
2
𝐴
𝑉22 1− 2 1 𝑉22 𝐴2
2
𝑉22 𝐴2
2
𝑃1 − 𝑃2 𝐴1 . 1 − − 1− = 𝐻𝐿
= 𝐶𝑣2 2𝑔 𝐴1 2𝑔 𝐴1
𝛾 𝐶𝑣2 2𝑔
Equation 1 2
𝑉22 𝐴2 1
1− − 1 = HL
2 2𝑔 𝐴1 𝐶𝑣2
𝐴
𝑃1 − 𝑃2 1 − 𝐴2
1 𝐴2 𝐴2 2
= 𝑉2 2 + HL is small and 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒
𝛾 2𝑔 𝐴1 𝐴1

Equation 2 𝑉22 1
𝐻𝐿 = −1
2𝑔 𝐶𝑣2
Assignment

RESEARCH
Font size: 12 Font style: Times New Roman

1. What is/are the effect/s of Vena Contracta in Fluid Discharge

2. What is/are the relationship of Reynold number to the coefficient of Discharge
Deadline March 15
11:59PM
ORIFICE
It is an opening with a closed perimeter through which fluid flows. It is used to measure or to control the
flow of fluid.

2𝑔 𝑃1 − 𝑃2 2𝑔 𝑃1 − 𝑃2
𝑉2 = 𝐶𝑣 ( ) Q = C𝐴2 ( )
𝐴 2 𝛾 𝐴2 2 𝛾
1 − 𝐴2 1− 𝐴
1 1
ORIFICE
It is an opening with a closed perimeter through which fluid flows. It is used to measure or to control the
flow of fluid.
 𝑃1 𝑃2 𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃𝐵 𝑉1 2 𝑉2 2
+ℎ+ =
𝛾 2𝑔 2𝑔

𝑃 −𝑃 𝑉1 2
2𝑔( 𝐴 𝛾 𝐵 +ℎ+ 2𝑔
) = 𝑉2 2

1 2 𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃𝐵 𝑉1 2
𝑉2 = 2𝑔( +ℎ+ )
𝛾 2𝑔
𝑉𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 2𝑔𝐻 𝑄𝑡 = 𝐴 2𝑔𝐻
𝑃𝐴 −𝑃𝐵 𝑉1 2
𝐸1 = 𝐸2 𝐻= +ℎ+
𝛾 2𝑔
𝑃1 𝑉1 2 𝑃2 𝑉2 2
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2 𝑉𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 𝐶𝑣 2𝑔𝐻 𝑄 = 𝐶𝑐 𝐴 ∗ 𝐶𝑣 2𝑔𝐻
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔
𝑄 = 𝐶𝐴 2𝑔𝐻
𝑃𝐴 + 𝛾ℎ 𝑉1 2 𝑃𝐵 𝑉2 2
+ = +
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔
 ORIFICE
Other Condition

a
h h

H=h Accelerating upward or downward

𝒂
𝑯 = 𝒉(𝟏 ± )
𝒈
 ORIFICE
Other Condition

Pressure Pressure

h ℎ1

ℎ2

H=h
𝑷 𝒑 𝜸𝟏
𝑯= +𝒉 𝑯= + 𝒉𝟏 + 𝒉𝟐
𝜸 𝜸𝟐 𝜸𝟐
Application of Dynamics

𝑋 = 𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑡
1 2
𝑌 = 𝑌𝑜 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡
2

𝑉 = 𝐶𝑣 2𝑔ℎ
𝜃=0

𝑋
 Application of Dynamics
𝑉=0

ℎ1 𝑉
𝑋 = 𝑉𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑡
ℎ 𝜽 𝑌
1
𝑌 = 𝑌𝑜 + 𝑉𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡 2
ℎ2 2
𝜽 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑔𝑡

ℎ3
𝑋
𝑦=0
 Sample Problem
1. A cylindrical tank 2m in diameter and 3 high was filled with oil in 20mins and 39 seconds.
What is the average discharge?
 Sample Problem
2. A tank receives 90N of oil (s=0.80) in 20 seconds. What is the flow rate in L/s?
 Sample Problem
3. Calculate the discharge in L/s through a 50mm diameter orifice under a head of 6.8m of
water. Assume coefficient of contraction = 0.67 and Coefficient of velocity = 0.92.
 Sample Problem
4. The discharge through a 75 mm diameter orifice at the bottom of a large tank was
measured be 1,734 liters in 1 minute. If the head over the orifice remains constant at 5.5m
compute the coefficient of discharge?
 Sample Problem
5. Calculate the discharge through a 90 mm diameter sharp edged orifice in the figure
shown. Assume C=0.65.

Air
P=24kPa

Oil
S=0.90 3m

90 mm dia.
 Sample Problem
6. Calculate the discharge through the 100mm diameter orifice. Assume C=0.75
𝑃𝐴 = 48𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑃𝐵 = 12𝑘𝑃𝑎

4.5𝑚
 Sample Problem
7. A cylindrical tank, 3m in diameter and 6.5m high has 1.5m of glycerin (S=1.50), 3m
of water, and 2m of oil (s=0.87). Determine the discharge through the 130mm diameter
orifice located at the bottom of the tank. Assume 𝐶𝑣 = 0.98 𝐶𝑐 = 0.95

Oil (s=0.87)

Water

Glycerin
(s=1.50)
 Sample Problem
8. A closed cylindrical tank, 3m in diameter and 5m high has
3m of water, and 1.5m of oil (s=0.87). An open mercury 100mm
barometer reads 100mmHg. Determine the discharge through Air Hg

the 130mm square orifice located 400mm from the bottom.

Assume C = 0.72 Oil (s=0.87)

Water
 Sample Problem
9. Water is flowing through a pipe shown. Determine the discharge of oil in the pipe
assuming C=0.68
300𝑚𝑚 ∅ 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒
100𝑚𝑚 ∅ 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒

150mm
Hg

2𝑔 𝑃1 − 𝑃2
Q = C𝐴2 2( )
𝐴 𝛾
1 − 𝐴2
1
 Sample Problem
10. A jet is issued from the side of the tank under a constant head. The side of the tank has inclination of 1H to 1V.
The total depth of water in the tank is 7m and the orifice is located 3.7m above the bottom of the tank. Neglect the
air resistance and assuming Cv=1.0. determine the following:
a. Maximum height to which the jet will rise above the orifice.
b. The point “x” the jet will strike a horizontal plane 1.20m below the bottom of the tank.
 Sample Problem
10. A jet is issued from the side of the tank under a constant head. The side of the tank has inclination of 1H to 1V.
The total depth of water in the tank is 7m and the orifice is located 3.7m above the bottom of the tank. Neglect the
air resistance and assuming Cv=1.0. determine the following:
c. The time it takes for the jet to strike a horizontal plane 1.20m below the tank.
UNSTEADY FLOW