Formula Sheet - Phys 131

Fluids: 𝑃 = 𝑃0 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2 𝑃gauge = 𝑃 − 𝑃0

1 𝑚
𝑃 + 𝜌𝑣 2 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ = constant 𝐹𝐵 = 𝑚𝑓 𝑔 = 𝜌𝑓 𝑔𝑉 𝜌=
2 𝑉
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Harmonic 1 1
Motion:
𝐹 = −𝑘𝑥 𝑃𝐸 = 𝑘𝑥 2 𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2 2

𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙0 ) 𝑣(𝑡) = −𝐴𝜔 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙0 ) 𝑎(𝑡) = −𝐴𝜔2 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙0 ) = −𝜔2 𝑥(𝑡)

2𝜋 1 𝑘 𝑔
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 = (𝑓 = ) 𝜔=√ (spring) 𝜔=√ (simple pendulum)
𝑇 𝑇 𝑚 𝐿
1 1
𝐸 = 𝑘𝐴2 = 𝑚𝑣max
2 𝑥max (𝑡) = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑏𝑡⁄2𝑚 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑏𝑡⁄2𝑚 cos(𝜔𝐷 𝑡 + 𝜙)
2 2

𝑘 𝑏2
𝐸(𝑡) = 𝐸0 𝑒 −𝑏𝑡⁄𝑚 𝜔𝐷 = √ −
𝑚 4𝑚2
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Travelling 2𝜋 𝜔 𝑇
𝑘= 𝑣 = 𝑓𝜆 = 𝑣=√
Waves: 𝜆 𝑘 𝜇
General equation for a travelling
𝐷(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐷𝑀 sin(𝑘𝑥 ∓ 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙0 )
wave:
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𝑃 𝑃 𝐼
Sound: 𝐼= 𝐼= (spherical wave) 𝛽(dB) = 10 log10 ( )
𝐴 4𝜋𝑟 2 𝐼0
𝑣
1 ± 𝑣𝑜 𝑣 ± 𝑣𝑜
𝑓0 = 𝑓𝑠 ( 𝑓𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑡 = |𝑓2 − 𝑓1 |
𝑣𝑠 ) = 𝑓𝑠 ( 𝑣 ∓ 𝑣 )
1∓ 𝑣 𝑠
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Standing 𝑛𝑣 𝑛𝑣
𝐷 = 2𝐷𝑚 sin(𝑘𝑥) cos (𝜔𝑡) 𝑓𝑛 = for n=1,2,3,… 𝑓𝑛 = for n=1,3,5,…
Waves: 2𝐿 4𝐿
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Interference 𝑐 Interference:
𝜆
& 𝑛= 𝜆𝑛 = Δ𝑥
𝑣 𝑛 Δ𝜙 = 2𝜋 + Δ𝜙0
diffraction: 𝜆
2-slit interference, Bright fringes: Dark fringes:
with small angle approximation 𝜆𝐿 1 𝜆𝐿
(𝑚 = 0, ±1, ±2, … ): 𝑦bright =𝑚 𝑦dark = (𝑚 + 2)
𝑑 𝑑

Single-slit diffraction minima with small angle approximation:

𝜆𝐿
𝑦dark = 𝑝 , where 𝑝 = ±1, ±2, …
𝑎
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Areas & 4
𝐴(circle) = 𝜋𝑟 2 𝐴(sphere) = 4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑉(sphere) = 𝜋𝑟 3
volumes: 3

𝑉(cylinder) = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
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Constants: 𝑃0 = 𝑃atmosphere = 1.013 × 105 Pa; 𝜌fresh water = 1.00 × 103 kg⁄m3 ;
3
𝜌air = 1.29 kg⁄m ; 𝜌mercury = 13.6 × 103 kg⁄m3 ; 𝑔 = 9.81 m⁄s 2
−12 2
𝐼0 = 10 W⁄m ; 𝑣sound (in air) = 343 m⁄s