Chapter 28: Quantum Physics
• Wave-Particle Duality
• Matter Waves
• The Electron Microscope
• The Heisenberg Uncertainty
Principle
• Wave Functions for a Confined
Particle
•The Hydrogen Atom
•The Pauli Exclusion Principle
•Electron Energy Levels in a Solid
•The Laser
•Quantum Mechanical Tunneling
For Wed recitation:
• Online Qs
• Practice Problems:
# 3, 6, 13, 21, 25
Lab: 2.16 (Atomic Spectra)
• Do Pre-Lab & turn in
• Next week optional 2.03
Final Exam: Tue Dec 11 3:30-
5:30 pm @220 MSC
• 200 pts: Chs.25,27,28,(26)1
• 200 pts: OQ-like on 12,16-24
§28.1 Wave-Particle Duality
Light is both wave-like (interference & diffraction)
and particle-like (photoelectric effect).

Double slit experiment: allow only 1 photon

at a time, but:
• still makes interference pattern!
• can’t determine which slit it will pass thru
• can’t determine where it will hit screen
• can calculate probability:
• higher probability  higher intensity
• IE2, so E2 probability of striking at a
given location; E represents the wave 2
function.
 §28.2 Matter Waves
If a wave (light) can behave like a particle,
can a particle act like a wave?
Double slit experiment w/ electrons:
•  interference pattern! Wave-like!
Allow only 1 e– at a time:
• still makes interference pattern
• can still calculate probabilities
Add detector to see which slit used:
• one slit or other, not both
• interference pattern goes away!
3
• wave function “collapses” to particle!!
 Diffraction (waves incident on a crystal sample)
Electrons: X-rays:

l  m  2dsin  4
Like photons, “matter waves”
have a wavelength: h

“de Broglie wavelength” p

Momentum: p  mv
Note: need a relativistic
correction if v~c (Ch.26)

 by
Electron beam defined
accelerating potential,
gives them Kinetic Energy:
 p  2mK

5
Example (PP 28.8): What are the de Broglie wavelengths of
electrons with kinetic energy of (a) 1.0 eV and (b) 1.0 keV?

6
 §28.3 Electron Microscope
Resolution (see fine detail):
asin  1.22
• visible light microscope
limited by diffraction to
~1/2  (~200 nm).

• much smaller (0.2-10 nm)
using a beam of electrons
(smaller ).

7
 Fig. 28.06

Transmission Scanning
Electr. Micr. Electr. Micr.
Example: We want to image a biological sample at a
resolution of 15 nm using an electron microscope.
(a) What is the kinetic energy of a beam of electrons with a
de Broglie wavelength of 15.0 nm?
(b) Through what potential difference should the electrons
be accelerated to have this wavelength?
-

9
 §28.4 Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle
Sets limits on how precise
measurements of a particle’s
position (x) and momentum (px)
can be: x

1
xp x  
2
Uncertainty
in position

& momentum
h
where  
2 Superposition

wave
The energy-time packet
1
uncertainty Et  .
principle: 2 10
x
Example: We send an electron through a very narrow slit
of width 2.010-8 m. What is the uncertainty in the
electron’s y-component momentum?

11
Example: An electron is confined to a “quantum wire” of
length 150 nm.

(a)What is the minimum uncertainty in the electron’s

component of momentum along the wire?
(b)In its velocity?

12
§28.5 Wave Functions for a Confined Particle Analogy: standing wave
on a string: 2L
n 
n
Same for electron in a quantum
wire (particle in a 1D box), so
 h  n 
pn    h
n 2L 
& particle’s KE is
 h 2 
 E n  n 2 2 
 n 2
E1
8mL 

Conclude: A confined particle

has quantized energy levels

13
Electron cloud represents the electron probability density
for an H atom (the electron is confined to its orbit):

1
Et  .
2
Energy states
and durations 14
are “blurred”
 Example: We want to image a biological sample at a
resolution of 15 nm using an electron microscope.
(a) What is the kinetic energy of a beam of electrons with a
de Broglie wavelength of 15.0 nm?
(b) Through what potential difference should the electrons
be accelerated to have this wavelength?

h h -
  Square both sides, solve for K:
p 2mK
h2 (6.626 1034 Js) 2
K  =1.07x10-21 J = 0.0067 eV (low E!)
2m 2 31
2(9.1110 kg)(15 10 m) 9 2

(b) K final  U initial  qV  eV

so
K 0.0067eV
V   = 0.0067 V (low Voltage, easy desktop machine!)
e e
 15
 Example: We send an electron through a very narrow slit
of width 2.010-8 m. What is the uncertainty in the
electron’s y-component momentum?

Key idea: electron goes through slit; maybe through center, or ±a/2 above/below it,
so use y = a/2! Then H.E.P. says h so
ypy 
2

py 
h h
 a 
h

6.626 1034 Js
 5.3 1027 kgm

2y 22  2a 2 (2.0 108 m) s


Notice: This uncertainty in the electron’s vertical momentum means it can
16
veer off its straight-line course; many veered electrons  diffraction pattern!!
Example: An electron is confined to a “quantum wire” of
length 150 nm.

(a)What is the minimum uncertainty in the electron’s

component of momentum along the wire?
(b)In its velocity?

Key idea: electron w/in wire; maybe at center, or ±l/2 from center, so use
x = l/2! Then use H.E.P.

px 
h h
 l 
h

6.626 1034 Js
 7 1028 kgm

2x 22  2l 2 (150 109 m) s

(b) Solve for the velocity: p 6.626 1034 Js

v   31
 770 ms  1 kms
m 9.1110 kg


 17