PHYSICS FORMULAE & DEFINITIONS

ATOMIC PHYSICS field of induction ( B ) are applied mutually

perpendicular to electron beam and if electron
Formulae beam does not deflect then the formula used is
Thomsons Experiment to E
determine specific charge of electron (e/m) v
B
e E2
1. 
m 2VB2 6. The charge of an electron determined by
e  the charge of an electron. Millikan’s oil drop experiment given by
1/ 2
m  mass of electron. 6   v g  v e   9  v g 
q  
e E  2      g 
 specific charge of electron.
m
Where  is the coefficient of viscosity of air..
E  Electric field applied in the discharge
tube.  is density of oil;  is density of air
V  Potential difference between cathode g is the acceleration due to gravity
filament and anode in the discharge tube
v g , v e are the terminal velocities of the oil
B  magnetic field induction. The unit of
droplet in gravitational field and electric field
e applied.
of electron is C / kg .
m
e E I. Photo Electric Effect :
2.  ; where r is radius of the circular
m rB 2
deflection of electron 1 Einstein’s photo electric equation.
E  Electric field, B  magnetic field of 1 hc 1
induction. h  w  mv 2 ( or )  w  mv2
2  2
h  planck’s constant
3. If velocity of an electron (v) magnetic field
  frequency of incident light.
of induction  B  and radius of circular path w  work function measure in eV
e m  mass of photo electron
of electron are given. The of an electron
m v  maximum velocity of emitted photo electron.
can be determined by the equation c  velocity of light
mv 2 e v   wave length of incident light
Bev  ; 
r m rB 2. Einstein’s photo equation can also be written
hc
as h  w  ev 0 ( or )  w  ev 0
e 
4. of an electron can also be determined, if
m where v 0  stopping potential.
applied voltage(V) and velocity of electron
are given for that the formula is   frequency of incident radiation.
  wavelength of incident radiation.
1 e v2 2eV
e.V  mv 2  ; v 3. When the frequency of incident light is
2 m 2V m minimum
Radius of the circular path of a charged
hc
particle in a perpendicular magnetic field h 0  w  or  w
m v 0
r
Bq  0  minimum frequency of incident light
5. When both electric field ( E ) and magnetic (or) threshold frequency

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PHYSICS FORMULAE & DEFINITIONS

 0  maximum wavelength of incident light possible charge.

(or) threshold wavelength 3. The total charge on a body can be only on
II. Xray spectra: integral multiple of ‘e’ or q = ne where n = 1,
Cut off wavelength or minimum wavelength 2, 3. ........n an integer. i.e. the charge is
hc quantized.
of continuous X ray is given  min  4. Using Millikan’s value of charge of an
eV electron the mass of the electron can be
h = Planck’s constant
determined as 9.1 1031 kg .
c = Velocity of light
e = charge of an electron V=applied voltage. Photoelectric effect:
III. Compton effect : 1. Photoelectric effect is an instantaneous
phenomenon.
h 2. For a given frequency of incident radiation,
Compton shift   1  cos  the photo electric current is proportional to
m 0c
the intensity of incident radiation.
h
1    1  cos  3. The kinetic energy of photoelectrons is
m0c independent of the intensity of incident
radiation.
h  planck’s constant; c  velocity of light.
4. The kinetic energy of photoelectrons depends
IV. Cases : 1) If   0    0 on frequency of incident light and nature of metal.
0 h 5. Photoelectric effect does not take place
2) If   90     0.0242 A0 below certain minimum frequency (threshold
m0c frequency) for a given metal.
0 2h 6. Work function: The minimum energy
3) If   180     0.0484 A0 needed to remove the electron from the metal
m0 c surface is called work function.
m0  electron’s rest mass. 7. Stopping Potential: The minimum negative
potential given to collector for which
  angle of scattering photoelectric current becomes zero is called
stopping potential (Vo).
, 1  unmodified and modified X ray spectrum
wavelengths 1. The square root of frequency of
V. De Broglie’s hypothesis : characteristic X radiation is proportional to
the atomic number of the target atom.
h h
1.  ,  ; where  is wavelength  Z
p mv
associated with a moving particle m is mass   a  Z  b  , where a, b are constants.
of the particle. v is the velocity of the particle.
This is known as Moseley’s law.
1
2. eV  mv 2 ; e = charge of an electron; Compton Effect:
2 1. Compton shift is independent of the incident
V=potential difference wavelength.
m = mass of electron ; 2. Compton shift is independent of nature of
v = velocity of electron. scatterer.
conceptual points 3. Compton effect depends only on the angle
of scattering (f)
Millikan’s Oil drop method
to measure charge of electron:
1. By using Millikan’s oil drop method the charge
of an electron can be determined.
2. the charge ‘e’ on an electron is the smallest