Soran University

Faculty of Engineering
Department of Petroleum Engineering

Fluid Mechanic

Title: Hydrometer
Experiment No: 01
Name: Muhammed Star Braim
Group: A1
Date: 30 September 2019
Supervisor: Mr. Sarkar Muheddin
Contents
Aim ............................................................................................................................................................... 2
Theory .......................................................................................................................................................... 2
Apparatus .................................................................................................................................................... 3
Procedure ..................................................................................................................................................... 4
Calculation ................................................................................................................................................... 5
Result and discussion .................................................................................................................................. 6
Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................... 7
Reference ..................................................................................................................................................... 7

Figure 1: Floated Hydrometer into .............................................................................................................. 3

Table 1: Result ............................................................................................................................................. 6

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Aim
The aim of this experiment is to measure the liquid density by using the hydrometer.

Theory

Liquid density is an important thermodynamic property, and it is mass per unit volume and
is denoted by the Greek letter ρ (rho), the unit of density is kg/m3. The density of a liquid will
change with temperature and pressure, and liquid density is increased with increasing pressure and
decreasing in temperature (Stewart 1999). And the liquid density is determined from relative
density and its measure by hydrometer, and A hydrometer is an instrument used to measure the
specific gravity or relative density of liquids based on the concept of buoyancy force and which
equal to that of the weight of the liquid that is displaced is , Hydrometers are usually made of glass
and consists of a cylindrical stem and a bulb weighted with a heavy material to make it floats
upright. The liquid to be tested is poured into a graduated cylinder, and the hydrometer is gently
lowered into the liquid until it floats freely. The point at which the surface of the liquid touches
the stem of the hydrometer is noted. Hydrometers usually contain a scale inside the stem, so that
the specific gravity can be read directly. Hydrometers and jars for the measurement of specific
gravity include Baume, Twaddle, Rangefinders, Beer, and Brine (Helmenstine 2018). Hydrometer
has most common and most versatile scale is called the specific gravity scale, Scales come in
different sizes and varieties to measure different types of matter, most hydrometers are calibrated
to water at 60 degrees Fahrenheit (Brubaker 2017).

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 Figure 8: The relation of fluid density
Figure 1: Floated Hydrometer into
with pressure and temperature
liquid

Figure 2: The relation of fluid

density with pressure and
temperatureFigure 3: Floated
Hydrometer into
liquid
Apparatus

Figure 4: The relation of fluid

Freshwater
density with pressure and
temperatureFigure 5: Floated
Saltwater
Hydrometer into
liquid
Gasoline

Hydrometer: use to measure the specific density of liquids.

Figure 6: The relation of fluid
Graduated
density withcylinder:
pressuretoand
measure the volume of liquids.
temperatureFigure 7: Floated
Hydrometer into
liquid

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 Figure 4: Hydrometer
Figure 3: Cylinder

Procedure

A. Bring three cylinders.

B. Pour (500 cc) of freshwater to the cylinder and (500 cc) of saltwater to another cylinder
and (500 cc) of gasoline to the last cylinder.
C. Detected the appropriate hydrometer to each liquid.
D. Put the hydrometer into the liquid.
E. Measure the specific density to all liquids directly from hydrometer (freshwater = 0.997 ,
saltwater = 1.14 , gasoline =0.817).
F. Use the specific density law to determine the liquid density by calculation.
G. Use the density law to determine the masses of liquids.

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Calculation

Figure 5: Calculation

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Result and discussion

The figure below illustrates the measurement of specific density for four liquids. That
explains that different liquids have a different density in constant volume, a specific density of
example C is greater than others, and example A has a least specific density, the range between
0.8 to 1.2 and usually the mostly liquids between this range, density it is mass over volume.
Because the volume is constant, so the specific density deepened to mass the higher mass have ah
higher gravitational attraction. And the all substance has a difference in chemical composition.

Figure 6: Measurements of specific density of difference liquids

Table 1: Result

Liquids Specific density Density (gm/cc) Mass (gm)

Freshwater 0.997 0.997 498.5
Saltwater 1.14 1.14 570
gasoline 0.817 0.817 408.5

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Conclusion

This experiment is the easiest way to determine the density of liquid by measuring the
specific density, Based on the results, it is confirmed that the density and specific gravity of a
liquid increases as the concentration of the solute in the solution increases at constant volume and
temperature and pressure, Knowing the density of a liquid can help determine its other properties.

Reference

Brubaker, J. (2002) “How to Calibrate a Graduated Cylinder”, Sciencing [online], available:

https://sciencing.com/hydrometer-calibration-procedures-5501425.html [accessed 6 October
2019].

Dr. Stewart, M. (2016), Surface Production Operations: Volume 3: Facility Piping and Pipeline
System, Elsevier.

Helmenstine, A.M. (2018) “Hydrometer Definition”, thoughtco [online], available:

https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-hydrometer-605226 [accessed 6 October 2019].