LAB 2

FAKULTI TEKNOLOGI KEJURUTERAAN

MEKANIKAL DAN PEMBUATAN
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
BMMV 1013 TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY

LAB SHEET 2

Density of Liquid and Solid

Learning Follow instructions in laboratory sheets during conducting

Outcome (LO): LO2
chemistry
Program PO4 Ability to plan and conduct experimental investigations of
Outcome: broadly-defined problems, using data from relevant sources.
Synopsis: The course introduces the concepts in chemistry:
Chemistry and Measurement; Atoms, Molecules and Ions; Chemical
Reaction and Stoichiometry; Electronic Structure and Periodic Table;
Chemical Bonding; Properties of Matter; Thermochemistry.
Related Chemistry and Measurement
Lecture’s Topic:
Prepared by: DR. MOHD HAIZAL BIN MOHD Date 1 Mac 2022
HUSIN :
Approved by DR. MUHAMMAD ILMAN HAKIMI Date
LM/SLM/HOD CHUA BIN ABDULLAH

QMS : REVISION RECORDS

Revision Date Approved by

Description Prepared by :
No (DD/MM/YY) LM/SLM/HOD:
1.0 THEORY

Density is a physical property of liquids and solids. We can define density (d) as the amount
of mass is given volume (eq 2.1). The unit of density is g/cm3 or g/mL. For a homogeneous
object, the formula mass/volume may be used. To determine the density of a liquid, the
volume may be measured directly but the mass may use an indirect technique called weighing
by difference (figure 2.1). The density of a solid material, we can measure mass directly
using balance but the volume especially an irregular object cannot to be found directly.
However, its can found indirectly from the amount of a liquid it displaces. This technique is
called volume displacement (figure 2.2).

After collecting the experiment data, we can calculate density by dividing the mass by the
volume. However, most important calculated value was the proper unit. The density of
liquids and solids is usually expressed in gram per millimeter (g/mL) or gram per cubic
centimeter (g/cm3). Since 1 mL = 1 cm 3, the numerical value for density in
g/mL and g/cm3 is identical. For example, the density of water may be expressed as 1.00
g/mL or 1.00 g/cm3.

Weighing by difference, the technique of the mass of the chemical was calculated by
subtracting the weight of an empty container from the total weight of the container and
chemical. Meanwhile, volume displacement technique based on Archimedes principle that
volume of solid (that sinks) is equal with displaces an amount of water.

After conducting this experiment, you should be able to:

1. Known that type of technique to determine the density of substance

2. Calculate the density of an unknown liquid

3. Calculate the density of an irregularly shaped solid.

2.0 EQUIPMENTS/ EXPERIMENT APPARATUS/ CONSUMABLE MATERIALS

Lab Equipment
1. 10 mL graduated cylinder
2. 50 mL burette
3. 100 mL beakers
4. Retort stands and clamps
5. Filter funnel
6. Dropper
7. Wash bottle

Chemicals And Materials

1. Distilled water
2. Unknown liquid
3. Irregularly shaped solid

3.0 PROCEDURES/ METHODOLOGY

Part A: Calibration of Burette and Graduated Cylinder

1. Clean the burette with distilled water.

2. By using funnel (avoid spilling) to pour the distilled water into the burette. Read the
initial level and its need not start at 0.00 mL (make sure the portion of the burette
below the stopcock is filled or without any air bubbles).

3. Rinse, clean and dry the 10.0 mL graduated cylinder.

4. Carefully, transfer amount of water into graduated cylinder from the burette until to a
point the mark for 2.0 mL of cylinder. Read the final level and record these data and
calculate the volume of water.

5. Repeat step 4, by continues adding of water from the burette into cylinder for the
point of 4.0 mL, 6.0 mL, 8.0 mL and 10.0 mL.

6. Repeat step 3 to 5

7. From these data, plot a graph volume of graduated cylinder vs. volume of burette.
These calibration graph will be use for experiment Part B and Part C.

Part B: Density of an Unknown Liquid

1. Rinse, clean and dry the 10.0 mL graduated cylinder (used in Part A)

2. Weigh the cylinder on an analytical balance. Record its mass to the nearest 0.01 g.

3. Obtain about 15 mL of an unknown liquid in a 100 mL beaker, and record the

unknown label.
 4. By using a dropper, add between 2 to 4 mL of the unknown liquids to the cylinder.
Record the volume to the nearest 0.1 mL.

5. Weigh the liquid and cylinder on the same balance used for the first weighing, and
again records the mass to the nearest 0.01 g.

6. To validate your experimental technique, and repeat step 4 and 6 by using the same
liquid in set of volume of the unknown liquid between 5 to 7 mL and between 8 to 10
mL.

7. Calculate the density of the unknown liquid from your mass and volume (from the
cylinder and calibration graph) data.

8. Return the liquid to its container when you finish with it.

Part C: Density of an Irregularly Shaped Solid

1. Rinse, clean and dry the 10.0 mL graduated cylinder (used in Part A).

2. Add about 4 to 5 mL of water to the cylinder and record the volume to the nearest 0.1
mL

3. Obtain an irregularly shaped object and record its identity label. Spread the solid onto
a towel and check to see if it is dry. Dry it with a towel, if necessary

4. Weight this object as accurately as possible and record it mass.

5. Till the graduated cylinder to about 40 angle and carefully slide the solid down into
the water (the solid should be completely submerged in water and not exceed the
capacity of the cylinder).

6. Gently tap the cylinder to remove any air bubbles adhering to the solid).

7. Record the new volume to the nearest 0.1 mL. The change in volume gives the
volume of the solid.

8. To validate your experimental technique, and repeat all step by using the same object
(must clean and dry) in set of volume between 5 to 6 mL and between 6 to 7 mL of
the water to the cylinder.

9. Calculate the density of the unknown liquid from your mass and volume (from the
cylinder and calibration graph) data.

4.0 RESULTS

Part A: Calibration of Burette and Graduated Cylinder

1. Data record

a. Volume of graduated cylinder

2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0
(mL)
b. Volume of burette trail 1 2.0 3.9 6.0 7.9 10.0
(mL) trail 2 2.2 4.0 5.4 7.4 9.4
 trail 3 1.8 3.6 5.6 7.2 9.4
Average
2.0 3.8 5.67 7.5 9.6

2. Sketch the graph of average volume of burette vs volume graduated cylinder.

Part B: Density of an Unknown Liquid

Liquid label :X

Physical : colourless
appearance

Trail 1 Trail 2 Trail 3

Weighing Result:
Mass of graduated cylinder (g) 29.22 29.24 29.26
Total mass: graduated cylinder + liquid
(g) 31.46 33.79 36.09
Mass of liquid (g) 2.24 4.55 6.83

Measuring of volume:
Volume of liquid in graduated 3.0 6.0 9.0
cylinder(mL)
Volume of liquid from calibration graph 3.2 6.3 9.5
(mL)

Calculating of density:
Density of liquid (g/mL) 0.747 0.758 0.759
Average density (g/mL) 0.755

Part C: Density of an Irregularly Shaped Solid

Solid object label Y

Physical :has shaped

appearance

Trail 1 Trail 2 Trail 3

Weighing Result:
Mass of solid object (g) 7.25 7.26 7.25

Measuring of volume:
Volume of water in graduated cylinder 5.0 6.0 7.0
(mL)
Total volume :water+ solid object (mL) 5.8 6.8 7.8
Volume of solid object in graduated
0.8 0.8 0.8
cylinder(mL)
0.8 0.8 0.8
Volume of l solid object from calibration
graph (mL)
 Calculating of density:
Density of liquid (g/mL) 1.252 1.068 0.929
Average density (g/mL) 1.083

5.0 DISCUSSION
Write your discussions about this experiment.
1. What is density?
2. Explain, why need to calibrate the graduated yylinder with burette.
3. Summarize the findings of the average density of the unknown liquid in this experiment
4. Summarize the findings of the average density of the irregularly shaped solid in this
experiment
5. The density of pure gold is 19.3 g/mL. A ‘gold’ bracelet has a mass of 48.2 g and displaces
3.00 mL of water. Is the bracelet pure gold?

6.0 CONCLUSION
Give conclusion and summarize the main findings of this laboratory work.

7.0 OTHERS
List at least three references.
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:

Your response to each task will be graded separately based on the checklist attached. To
obtain maximum marks, ensure that your response addresses each of the tasks in the question
accordingly.

Assessment checklist for Lab Activity 2

Assessment tasks Mark LO PO C/P/A SK SP TA

allocation level

Procedure (ability to choose P1 -

15 LO2 PO4
and use lab equipment) Perception

Work Process (Ability to

construct and understanding 10 LO2 PO4 P2 - Set SK8
of lab activity)

P4 -
Work Process (Ability to
10 LO2 PO4 Mechanis SP4
show data arrangement skills) m

P3 –
Outcome (Results - data
25 LO2 PO4 Guided SP4
analysis) Response

P3 –
Outcome (Explanation of the
25 LO2 PO4 Guided SK8
results and discussion) Response

P5 -
Complex
Outcome (Conclusion) 10 LO2 PO4
Overt
Response

Discipline (Ability to perform

5 LO2 PO4 P2 - Set
lab and safety regulations)

TOTAL 100

SPECIFIC INSTRUCTION

1. Answer in ENGLISH .
2. Must include list of references .
3. Submit your assignment ONCE only in a SINGLE file.
4. Submit your assignment ONLINE.
5. Submission date: Week 5
6. This lab report/activity accounts for 5% of the total marks for the course.
APPENDIX
 LAB 2
FAKULTI TEKNOLOGI KEJURUTERAAN
MEKANIKAL DAN PEMBUATAN
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
BMMV 1013 TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY

LAB REPORT 2

Density of Liquid and Solid

INSTRUCTOR’S
NAME

STUDENT’S PHOTO MATRIX

STUDENT’S NAME
NO:
S1. MUHAMMAD AZROY IZWAN B092110556
BIN WAHAB

S2.

ASSESSEMENT RUBRICS
MARK GIVEN MARKS
ASSESSMENT TASK/ITEMS ALLOCATIO
S1 S2
N
1 Procedure (ability to choose and
15
. use lab equipment)
2 Work Process (Ability to construct
10
. and understanding of lab activity)
3 Work Process (Ability to show
10
. data arrangement skills)
4
Outcome (Results - data analysis) 25
.
5 Outcome (Explanation of the
25
. results and discussion)
6
Outcome (Conclusion) 10
.
7 Discipline (Ability to perform lab
5
. and safety regulations)
TOTAL MARKS 100

Approved By: ………………………………………………..…..

(Instructor’s Signature & Stamp)

Date: …………………………………………….........
PROCEDURE
Part A: Calibration of Burette and Graduated Cylinder
1. Clean the burette with distilled water.

2. By using funnel (avoid spilling) to pour the distilled water into the burette. Read the initial
level and its need not start at 0.00 mL (make sure the portion of the burette below the
stopcock is filled or without any air bubbles).

3. Rinse, clean and dry the 10.0 mL graduated cylinder.

4. Carefully, transfer amount of water into graduated cylinder from the burette until to a point
the mark for 2.0 mL of cylinder. Read the final level and record these data and calculate the
volume of water.

5. Repeat step 4, by continues adding of water from the burette into cylinder for the point of 4.0
mL, 6.0 mL, 8.0 mL and 10.0 mL.

6. Repeat step 3 to 5

7. From these data, plot a graph volume of graduated cylinder vs. volume of burette. These
calibration graph will be use for experiment Part B and Part C.

Part B: Density of an Unknown Liquid

8. Rinse, clean and dry the 10.0 mL graduated cylinder (used in Part A)

9. Weigh the cylinder on an analytical balance. Record its mass to the nearest 0.01 g.

10. Obtain about 15 mL of an unknown liquid in a 100 mL beaker, and record the unknown label.

11. By using a dropper, add between 2 to 4 mL of the unknown liquids to the cylinder. Record the
volume to the nearest 0.1 mL.

12. Weigh the liquid and cylinder on the same balance used for the first weighing, and again
records the mass to the nearest 0.01 g.

13. To validate your experimental technique, and repeat step 4 and 6 by using the same liquid in
set of volume of the unknown liquid between 5 to 7 mL and between 8 to 10 mL.

14. Calculate the density of the unknown liquid from your mass and volume (from the cylinder
and calibration graph) data.

15. Return the liquid to its container when you finish with it.

Part C: Density of an Irregularly Shaped Solid

16. Rinse, clean and dry the 10.0 mL graduated cylinder (used in Part A).

17. Add about 4 to 5 mL of water to the cylinder and record the volume to the nearest 0.1 mL

18. Obtain an irregularly shaped object and record its identity label. Spread the solid onto a towel
and check to see if it is dry. Dry it with a towel, if necessary

19. Weight this object as accurately as possible and record it mass.

20. Till the graduated cylinder to about 40 angle and carefully slide the solid down into the
water (the solid should be completely submerged in water and not exceed the capacity of the
 cylinder).

21. Gently tap the cylinder to remove any air bubbles adhering to the solid).

22. Record the new volume to the nearest 0.1 mL. The change in volume gives the volume of the
solid.

23. To validate your experimental technique, and repeat all step by using the same object (must
clean and dry) in set of volume between 5 to 6 mL and between 6 to 7 mL of the water to the
cylinder.

24. Calculate the density of the unknown liquid from your mass and volume (from the cylinder
and calibration graph) data.

WORK PROCESS (Methodology)

Part A: Calibration of Burette and Graduated Cylinder

1. The burette was cleaned with distilled water.

2. The distilled water was poured into the burette by using funnel (avoid spilling). The initial
level was read and its need not start at 0.00 mL (make sure the portion of the burette below
the stopcock is filled or without any air bubbles).

3. The 10.0 mL graduated cylinder was rinsed, cleaned and dried.

4. The amount of water into graduated cylinder from the burette was transferred carefully until
to a point the mark for 2.0 mL of cylinder. The final level was read and recorded these data
and calculate the volume of water.

5. Step 4 repeated, by continues of water from the burette was added into cylinder for the point
of 4.0 mL, 6.0 mL, 8.0 mL and 10.0 mL.

6. Step 3 to 5 repeated

7. From these data, graph volume of graduated cylinder vs. volume of burette was plotted. These
calibration graph will be use for experiment Part B and Part C.

Part B: Density of an Unknown Liquid

8. 10.0 mL graduated cylinder (used in Part A) was rinsed,cleaned and dried

9. The cylinder was weigth on an analytical balance. The mass recorded to the nearest 0.01 g.

10. About 15 mL of an unknown liquid in a 100 mL beaker obtained, and the unknown label
recorded.

11. 2 to 4 mL of the unknown liquids added between to the cylinder by using dropper. The
volume recorded to the nearest 0.1 mL.

12. The liquid and cylinder on the same balance used for the first weighing was weighting, and
the mass to the nearest 0.01 g recorded again

13. The experimental technique validated, and step 4 and 6 repeated by using the same liquid in
set of volume of the unknown liquid between 5 to 7 mL and between 8 to 10 mL.
 14. The density of the unknown liquid calculated from mass and volume (from the cylinder and
calibration graph) data.

15. The liquid returned to its container when finish with it.

Part C: Density of an Irregularly Shaped Solid

16. The 10.0 mL graduated cylinder (used in Part A) rinsed, cleaned and dried.

17. About 4 to 5 mL of water was added to the cylinder and the volume to the nearest 0.1 mL
recorded

18. An irregularly shaped object obtained and its identity label recorded. The solid spreaded onto
a towel and checked to see if it is dry. Dry it with a towel, if necessary

19. This object was weight as accurately as possible and it mass recorded.

20. The graduated cylinder was tilled about 40 angle and the solid down slided carefully into
the water

21. The cylinder tapped gently to remove any air bubbles adhering to the solid).

22. The new volume to the nearest 0.1 mL recorded. The change in volume gives the volume of
the solid.

23. The experimental technique validated, and all step repeated by using the same object (must
clean and dry) in set of volume between 5 to 6 mL and between 6 to 7 mL of the water to the
cylinder.

24. The density of the unknown liquid was calculated from mass and volume (from the cylinder
and calibration graph) data.

WORK PROCESS (Experiment Data Result)

Part A: Calibration of Burette and Graduated Cylinder

1. Data record

a. Volume of graduated cylinder (mL) 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0

trail 1 2.0 3.9 6.0 7.9 10.0

trail 2 2.2 4.0 5.4 7.4 9.4
b. Volume of burette (mL)
trail 3 1.8 3.6 5.6 7.2 9.4
Average
2.0 3.8 5.67 7.5 9.6
Part B: Density of an Unknown Liquid

Liquid label :X

Physical : colourless
appearance

Trail 1 Trail 2 Trail 3

Weighing Result:
Mass of graduated cylinder (g) 29.22 29.24 29.26
Total mass: graduated cylinder + liquid
(g) 31.46 33.79 36.09
Mass of liquid (g) 2.24 4.55 6.83

Measuring of volume:
Volume of liquid in graduated 3.0 6.0 9.0
cylinder(mL)
Volume of liquid from calibration graph 3.2 6.3 9.5
(mL)

Calculating of density:
Density of liquid (g/mL) 0.747 0.758 0.759
Average density (g/mL) 0.755

Part C: Density of an Irregularly Shaped Solid

Solid object label Y

Physical :has shaped

appearance

Trail 1 Trail 2 Trail 3

Weighing Result:
Mass of solid object (g) 7.25 7.26 7.25

Measuring of volume:
Volume of water in graduated cylinder 5.0 6.0 7.0
(mL)
Total volume :water+ solid object (mL) 5.8 6.8 7.8
Volume of solid object in graduated
0.8 0.8 0.8
cylinder(mL)
0.8 0.8 0.8
Volume of l solid object from calibration
 graph (mL)

Calculating of density:
Density of liquid (g/mL) 1.252 1.068 0.929
Average density (g/mL) 1.083

Part B: Density of an Unknown Liquid

Liquid label : liquid X

Physical appearance : colourless and cold

Trail 1 Trail 2 Trail 3

Weighing Result:
Mass of graduated cylinder (g) ……32.11………. ……32.13………. ……32.14……….
Total mass: graduated cylinder + liquid
(g) ……34.10………. ……35.73………. ……39.03……….
Mass of liquid (g) ……1.99………. ……3.60………. ……6.89……….

Measuring of volume:
Volume of liquid in graduated ……3.00………. ……6.00………. …9.00………….
cylinder(mL)
Volume of liquid from calibration graph ……3.00………. ……5.98………. ……8.90……….
(mL)

Calculating of density:
Density of liquid (g/mL) ……0.663………. ……0.602………. ……0.774……….
Average density (g/mL) …………0.680……..…….

Part C: Density of an Irregularly Shaped Solid

Solid object label : ………………….

Physical appearance : ……………………….

Trail 1 Trail 2 Trail 3

Weighing Result:
Mass of solid object (g) ……7.29………. ……7.30………. …7.30………….

Measuring of volume:
Volume of water in graduated cylinder ………5.0……. ……6.0………. ……7.0……….
(mL)
Total volume :water+ solid object (mL) ………5.7……. ……6.7………. ……7.7……….
 Volume of solid object in graduated
… …0.8……. ……0.8………. ……0.8……….
cylinder(mL)
Volume of l solid object from
………0.663……. ………0.602……. ……0.774……….
calibration graph (mL)

Calculating of density:
Density of liquid (g/mL) …1……. ……1………. ……1……….
Average density (g/mL) ………1………..…….

Outcome (Explanation Of The Results)

Outcome (Discussion)

1. What is density?

-The density of a substance is its mass per unit volume.

-The symbol most often used for density is rho(ρ)

-the formula ρ=m/V, in unit kg / m3

2. Explain, why need to calibrate the graduated cylinder with burette.

-Because the burette is used to make sure the distilled water stops at the correct

measurement

-burette also more precise than graduated cylinder.

3. Summarize the findings of the average density of the unknown liquid in this experiment

-After the mass of graduated cylinder (g) and mass of cylinder with the liquid has been
weighed.

Then, we should subtract between two value to get total mass of liquid (g). To use
graduated

cylinder, we have to take measurement of volume liquid that has been setup before.
Based on

both value that we got, using formula of density ρ=m/V. lastly, after we got the value of
density
 for 3.0ml, 6.0ml, 9.0ml, total all the density value and divide with three to get the
average of

density.

4. Summarize the findings of the average density of the irregularly shaped solid in this
experiment

-First, in a graduated cylinder, we must measure the initial volume of water. Submerge
the

irregularly shaped solid (solid Y). Then, measure the final volume of water and we can
see the

difference between the initial volume and final volume of the object.

5. The density of pure gold is 19.3g/ml. a gold bracelet has a mass of 48.2g and displaces 3ml of
water. Is the bracelet pure gold?

No, because after using the density formula, the bracelet density will get 16.07g/ml. If it is
pure,

it will get the same value of density as early.

Outcome (Conclusion)
When calculating the density of solid with uneven surfaces, another apparatus must be used
to determine volume. The graduated cylinder to determine the object's volume rather than just
measuring the surface area. Fill the graduated cylinder with liquid until it reaches the desired level.
Themarks on the cylinder's surface, which represent the volume of water in millilitres, may be used
todetermine this level. Place the object in the water and take note of the new level. The volume of
theitem will be the difference between the new and original water levels. The unit of measurement
ismillilitres, which are equivalent to cubic centimetres. To calculate the density of an unknown liquid
is by using a fomula mass of liquid divide to volume ofliquid in graduated cylinder. Then to calculate
an irregularly shaped solid, mass of solid object must divide to volume of solid in graduated cylinder.
The resulting reading is the total density for them

DISCIPLINE - Safety Regulations during Lab Experiment

1. Be especially careful when adding the solid y to your graduated cylinder, as the glass
couldbreak. Tilt the graduated cylinder and allow the pellets to gently slide to the bottom.

2. When taking readings on the apparatus make sure the eyes are perpendicular to the
readingscale to ensure that the readings are accurate.

3. Lab coat and shoes must be worn at all times in the laboratory and remove before
washinghands and leaving the lab.

4. Do not use any laboratory equipment without permission of the laboratory staff on duty or
lecture