University of Bahrain

College of Science
Department of Chemistry

Experiment 2
Volumetric Titration

Name : Mua'az Ahmed Taha

Academic Number : 20073459
Course Number : CHEMY 310
Submission Date : 2010-4-1

Index

Page
o Objective………………………………….3
 o Abstract…………………………………..3

o Theory…………………………………….3

o Requirements…………………………….5

o Results……………………….…………..5

o Conclusions and Recommendations.....6

o References……………………………….6

Objective :
- To find the exact concentration of unkown HCL by titration with a primary standard
solution of NaOH .

Abstract :

Volumetric titration is a very widely used method in determining the unknown concentration of a
known reactant. In this experiment we prepared a known concentration solution , that consists of 0.2 –
0.25 gram Na2CO3 in a 50 mL of distilled water, then 6 drops of bromocresol green indicator are added.
After that , we filled the 50 ml burette with unknown concentration Hcl and then , the titration process
began , until the indicator color changed from blue to light green ( yellow ), which pointed out that we
reached the End point. Recalling that , 1 mole Na2CO3 reacts with 2 moles of Hcl , then number of
moles of Hcl is calculated from the number of moles of Na2CO3. We repeated this process 4 times , and

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obtained the volume of Hcl solution every time.At The End , we calculated the molarity (concentration)
, just by dividing the number of moles of Hcl by the volume of Hcl , and we found it to be about 0.58
M in average .A Further step is made , we found the volume of the indicator added to be 0.1 mL ,the by
subtracting it form Hcl Volume, we found the Hcl molarity to be 0.59 M in average.

Theory:
Titrimetric methods are considered practically usable in many fields in analytical chemistry .These
methods are categorized into three types :
1- Volumetric Methods.
2- Gravimetric Methods.
3- Coulometric Methods.

In this experiment , we will consider the volumetric method ; because of it unlimited use over
widespread fields. Volumetric method analysis is based upon measuring the amount of a reagent of
known concentration that is consumed by the analyte. Furthermore , a reagent is called the titrant or
titratot , of a known concentration (standard solution ) and volume is used to react with a solution of the
analyte , whose concentration is unknown .
For use in volumetric analysis a reaction must fulfill the following conditions:

1. There must be a simple reaction which can be expressed by a chemical equation, the substance
to be determined should react completely with the reagent in stoichiometric or equivalent
proportions.
2. The reaction should practically instantaneous or proceed with very great speed. In some cases
the addition of a catalyst increases the speed of a reaction.
3. The must be a marked change in some physical of chemical property of the solution at the
equivalence point.
4. An indicator should be available which, by a change in physical properties , should sharply
define the end point of the reaction.

At the equivalence point the amount of added titrant is chemically equivalent to the amount of the
analyte in the sample. In addition, the equivalence point of a titration is a theoretical point that cannot
be determined experimentally. Instead, we can only estimate it by observing some physical change
associated with the condition at equivalence. This change is called the end point for the titration.

Many methods can be used to indicate the end point, an indicator is often added to the analyte
solution in order to give an observable physical change at near the equivalence point.

A standard solution is a reagent of known concentration that is used to carry out a volumetric
analysis, a primary standard is a highly purified compound that serves as a reference material in all
volumetric titrimetric methods. The accuracy of such methods is critically dependent on the properties
of this compound. Important requirements for a primary standard are :

1- High purity.
2-Stability in Air.
3-Absence of hydrate water so that the composition does not change with variations in relative
humidity.

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 4- ready availability at modest cost.
5- reasonable solubility in the titration medium.
6- Reasonably large formula weight so that the relative error associated with weighing is minimized.
Requriements :

 Dried Na2CO3 at 120 C.

 50 ml graduated cylinder.
 Two beakers { 400 ml }.
 Weighing Dishes.
 Hot Plate.
 Funnel.
 Two Volumetric Flasks { 100 ml }.
 Burrette { 50 ml }
 Bromocresol Green Indicator.
 Conical Flask { 250 ml }.
 Samples of unkown HCL concentrations.
 Washing Bottle.
 Soduim Chloride.
 2/400 ml Beakers.

Results :

Data Collected :

Molecular Weight of Na2CO3 = 2(23)+12.01+3(16) = 106.1 g/mol .

(Mass of Na2CO3 , 50 ml water)

Na2CO3 + 2 Hcl -------> 2 Nacl + H2O+ CO2

Volume of Indicator ( Bromocresol Green ) = 0.1 ml

Mass of Molarity Corrected

Moles Volume Moles of Hcl Molarity Corrected Hcl
Na2CO3 of HCL
Try No. of of of Hcl Molarity
weighed Na2CO3 Volumetric
Na2CO3 (HCl)mL ( 1 Na2CO3:2 HCl) Molar Molar
gram Molar mL
1 0.2478 0.00234 0.04671 8.20000 0.00467 0.56964 8.10000 0.57667
2 0.2420 0.00228 0.04562 7.80000 0.00456 0.58484 7.70000 0.59243
3 0.2450 0.00231 0.04618 8.00000 0.00462 0.57729 7.90000 0.58459
4 0.2480 0.00234 0.04675 8.00000 0.00467 0.58435 7.90000 0.59175
Average 0.24570 0.00232 0.04631 8.00000 0.00463 0.57903 7.90000 0.58636

Note : unkown number 21 ( Acid ) .

Conclusion and Recommendation:

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to conclude , Volumetric Titration gives an Excellent results , if it's applied properly , and it's easy to
apply with low time consumption .That's why it is used in different fields such as petrochemicals and
food industry. I recommend to have more experiments on volumetric titration , but in different
applications so that we become more familiar with its widespread use .
References:
1- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/titration
2- SKOOG/WEST/HOLLER, Fundamentals Of Analytical Chemistry, Saunders HBJ , 6th Edition,
1992.