CHM 256 (BASIC ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY)

EXPERIMENT 3:
PREPARATION AND STANDARDISATION OF HCl
SOLUTION WITH PRIMARY STANDARD Na2CO3
SOLUTION

PREPARED FOR: MADAM NURUL ‘AIN BINTI JAMION

GROUP: AS1142A1
DATE: 26TH OCTOBER 2022

NAME STUDENT ID

NUR ILLYYIN BT MOHD AMIN 2022777111

FARISHA MADIHA BT SHEIKH FIDZRAL 2022132673

QISTINA NAYLI BINTI AZIZI 2022914381

FIRZANAH ARESYA BINTI AZMI 2022335423

INTRODUCTION
A standard solution is a solution with a precisely known concentration of a dissolved
material in analytical chemistry. By standardising an analyte using a primary standard solution,
the exact concentration of the analyte can be determined. Due to the fact that the hydrochloric
acid (HCl) used in the experiment is not a primary standard solution, standardisation is required
to determine its precise concentration. Sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) solution is a suitable
candidate to be used as the experiment's primary standard reagent. It can be made quickly by
dissolving a given quantity of pure Na₂CO₃ solid in a set volume. It is non-hygroscopic. The HCl
solution and the Na₂CO₃ primary standard solution are prepared for the experiment through
dilution. Following the preparation of both solutions, titration will be used to standardise the
diluted HCl solution against the NaCO3 primary standard solution. The following outcome
follows:

2 HCl + Na2CO3 → 2NaCl + H2O + CO2

OBJECTIVE
To learn the technique to prepare an acid solution from a concentrated HCI and to determine the
accurate concentration of the HCI solution by standardisation with standard solutions.

MATERIALS
Pure sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) solids, concentrated hydrochloric (HCl) acid, distilled water
and a methyl orange indicator.

APPARATUS
Volumetric flask and stopper (250 mL)
Weighing balance
Weighing boat
Pipette (25 mL)
Beaker
Funnel
Dropper
Retort stand
White tile
Conical flask (250 mL) 3x
PROCEDURES

A. PREPARATION OF HCl SOLUTION

1. The molarity of the concentrated HCl and volume required to prepare 250 mL of 0.1 M of
dilute HCl solution was calculated:
2. 2.06 mL of concentrated HCl was measured using a 10-mL measuring cylinder and was
then transferred to a 250 mL volumetric flask containing some distilled water.
3. The acid was diluted into 250 mL of distilled water. The volumetric flask was sealed with
a stopper and turned upside-down a few times to mix the solution well.

B. STANDARDISATION OF HCl SOLUTION

1. A burette was filled with the prepared diluted HCl and the initial burette reading was
recorded.
2. Using a pipette, 25.0 mL of the standard Na2CO3 prepared in Experiment 2 was
measured and transferred into a 250 mL conical flask. 2-3 drops of methyl orange was
added as an indicator.
3. The Na2CO3 was slowly titrated in the conical flask with the HCl from the burette, while
also swirling the flask around until the indicator colour changes from yellow to red. The
end–point reading of the titration was recorded.
4. The procedure was repeated 2-3 times, with all the readings recorded.
5. Molarity of HCl solution was calculated.
6. The remaining acid was transferred into a clean reagent bottle.
CALCULATION

1. Finding mass of HCl (g) 2. Finding volume of HCl

Molarity = number of moles (mol)
Weight of solute = weight of solution
volume of solution (L) concentration
0.1M = number of moles (mol)
= 0.9g
0.25 L 0.37
=2.43g
Number of moles = 0.025 mol of HCl
Volume of HCL = 2.43 g
1.18 g/mL
Molar weight of HCl= 36 g/mol
= 2.06 mL of HCL

Mass of HCl= molar weight x number of

moles
= 36 g/mol x 0.025 mol
= 0.9 g

3. Molarity of concentrated HCl :

M1V1 =M2V2
(M1)(2.06) = (0.1)(250)
M1= 12.14 M

DATA AND RESULTS

Table 1
Molecular weight of HCl 35+1 = 36g/mol

Density 1.18 g/mL

Percent concentration (W/W%) 37 %

Table 2: Titration of Na₂CO₃ with HCl

Titration Rough 1 2 3

Final burette reading (mL) 24.15 24.20 48.15 24.00

Initial burette reading (mL) 0.15 0.30 24.20 0.20

Volume of HCl used 24.00 23.90 23.90 23.80

Average volume of HCl : 23.90 mL

Molarity of Na₂CO₃ (from experiment 2) : 2.5 M

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Moles of Na₂CO₃ = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
13.25 𝑔
= 105.9888 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 0.125 moles of Na₂CO₃
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Molarity of Na₂CO₃=
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 (𝐿)
0.125 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
= 0.05 𝐿
= 2.5 M of Na₂CO₃

DISCUSSION

From this experiment, the students have managed to prepare a standardised HCl solution after
preparing the concentration HCl solution. The students calculated the molarity of the concentration
and volume needed to prepare a standardised solution which is 250 mL of 0.1 M of HCl solution.
The result was 2.06mL of concentrated HCl neededHCl needed for the preparation. It was diluted
with distilled water until the calibration mark of a 250 mL volumetric flask.

The standardised solution was then transferred into a burette and the initial reading was recorded. It
will be used to titrate four conical flasks filled with 25 mL NaOH solution. This was also prepared
beforehand by using twousing two different pipettes, which was a pipette with a 20 mL precision and
5 mL precision. After setting up the apparatus, two drops of methyl orange were added into one of
the conical flasks right before titration. Methyl orange was used to indicate the completion of the
reaction. This happens to be the first drop of HCl that changes the colour of the orange solution to
become faded yellow. This indicates the solution has become neutral. Thus, reaction was complete.

At first, the students titrated the first conical flask filled with NaOH solution. They stopped the HCl
from flowing when the solution had faded yellow. The students read the meniscus where the eye is
parallel to the reading. This step is to ensure the reading being taken is precise. After that, they
calculated the estimated amount of HCl solution needed to titrate NaOH solution for the following
titration. This measure was taken for them to determine whether or not they should add another
more HCl into the burette for the next titration. The procedure was then repeated 3 times.

To minimise any human error, we read the meniscus with our eyes parallel to it. We also made sure
the volumetric flask was tightly closed before we inverted it to mix well. This is to avoid any solution
from being spilled out of the volumetric flask.
 Based on Table 2, the difference of the volume of HCl used between the three titrations was about
±0.1 whereas the last titration had a difference of +0.2. The reading for the last titration might be
caused by human error. The students might have not read the reading of the burette at a meniscus
level. Then, the average volume of HCl titrated was calculated and resulted in 23.90 mL.

QUESTIONS

a) Based on the information in Table 2, calculate the molarity of the conc. HCL solution.
 b) What volume of the concentrated HCL is needed to prepare 250 mL 0.1 M HCL
solution?

c) Write a balanced equation for the reaction between HCl and Na2CO3.
2 HCl + Na2CO3 → 2NaCl + H2O + CO2

d) Using the data above and the stoichiometric ratio from the equation, calculate the
exact molarity of the HCl solution.

CONCLUSION

1. From this experiment, we have successfully learned how to prepare a dilute HCl solution
from a concentrated HCI solution. It is crucial to be able to accurately measure the
concentration of the HCI solution using a standard solution.
2. Students were aware of the safety precautions while doing the experiment. In this case,
the students need to wear gloves to measure the volume of HCI using a measuring
cylinder.

REFERENCES

1. “Standardising of hydrochloric acid solution.” YouTube, 4 April 2018,

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WqZw3R2wDho. Accessed 27 October 2022.
2. Choudhary, Ankur. “Preparation and Standardization of 1M Hydrochloric Acid.”
Pharmaguideline,
http://www.pharmaguideline.com/2010/09/preparation-and-standardization-of-1m.html.
Accessed 28 October 2022.