GROUP: AS2571A TEAM:

Members :

No Student ID Name Mobile No.

1 2022607976 SITI NURMAISARAH BINTI AHMAD SHUKRI 0132853257

2 2022836244 NUR ATHIRAH BINTI ABD AZIZ 0164314031

3 2022621802 NURUL ANISSHA BINTI MOHD IDRUS 0177774221

LAB REPORT SUBMISSION

Practical #: 1

Title of Experiment: i) How to use microscope

ii) Observation of plant cells
iii) Observation of animal cells

Date of Experiment: 18/10/2022

Submitted to: 25/10/2022

 Exceeds Mark
Attribute Meet Expectations Below Expectations
Expectations s
Marks 5 3 1
1. Punctuality Submitted early Submitted on time Submitted late
Was the report submitted on time?

2. Organization of report Fully adhere to Mostly adhere to Not organized

Is the prescribed format used? format format

3. Originality of report Original, with creative Mostly written in own More than 50% of
Is the report original, or are most insights words, attempts to report was duplicated
parts duplicated from the manual? summarise verbatim

4. Introduction Good, concise OK. Materials included Inadequate summary

a. Did the students provide summary of but not summarised or /duplicated from
background materials? background too long. sources.

b. Is the objective well described? Clear and accurate Clear, but not accurate Not clear/ inaccurate

5. Methods Well written, clear Acceptable, some High number of

a. Was the methods rewritten in the and organised. organisation. mistakes/ simply
past tense? duplicated the
manual
b. Was the methods accurately Almost all steps were Acceptable, most steps Little attempt to
described? accurately described. were described. describe/ mostly
duplicated the
manual
6. Results
a. Is Figure in proper format? Well formatted, clear Proper format No.

b. Is a title provided? Title is in proper Title is adequate No.

format and accurate

c. Is a caption provided? Well described and Described. No caption or

informative irrelevant caption.

7. Discussion Data were well and Some attempts. mainly No attempt to

a) Analysis - are the data well creatively discussed. descriptive. discuss.
explained?

b) Interpretation - are the significance Significance well Some attempts. mainly No attempt to
of the data discussed? discussed. descriptive. discuss.

8. Conclusion Correct conclusion, Conclusion is provided, No conclusion/

Was a conclusion provided? related to the but not directly related conclusion not
objective to the objective related to objective(s)

9. Grammars, spellings Few, less than 3 Three to 10 mistakes More than 10

(per page) mistakes mistakes

10. References Used proper software Manually with mistakes No or inadequate

Is the report correctly cited? citation
SUM
TOTAL MARKS

Evaluated by:_________________________________________ Date : ________________________

Objectives

A. How to use a microscope

i. To describe the various parts of a microscope and their functions.

ii. To learn how to take care and maintain a microscope.
iii. To learn how to use a microscope to observe prepared specimens.

B. Observation of plant cells

i. To make slide preparations using plant samples.

ii. To observe their cell structures under microscope.

C. Observation of animal cells

i. To make slide preparations using blood cell samples.

ii. To observe their cell structures under microscope.

Introduction

Microscopes allow magnified images of illuminated specimens to be viewed using 2

lenses (an objective and an eyepiece lens). Microscopes that use two lenses are called
compound microscopes. Single lens microscopes, of which this antique created by
Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) is an example, use only a single lens to magnify the
specimen. Compound microscopes were first invented in the late 16th century in Holland,
when Zacharias Janssen and his father discovered that using two lenses greatly aided in
magnification.

Methods

A. Using the microscope

i. The microscope lenses were cleaned with the lens paper. The stage of the
microscope has to be at its lowest level.
ii. A small drop of tap water was placed in the center of the clean slide.
iii. A word with small letters from the newspaper was cut. The letter 'e' has to be part
of the word.
iv. The word had been put onto the water drop on the glass slide. Covered with a
cleaned cover slip gently. The air bubble had tried to be avoided.
v. The slide was placed onto the microscope stage.
vi. To observe the letter 'e' the lowest power objective was used.
vii. The coarse adjustment knob was used to adjust the objective lens gently until it
was about half a centimeter above the glass slide.
viii. Both of the eyes were put at the ocular lenses, then the knob was slowly adjusted
to focus the letter 'e' by lowering down the stage. When eyes were at the ocular
lenses never raised up the stage.
ix. The light was adjusted and the iris diaphragm was opened to maximum.
x. The lenses were focused using the fine adjustment knob to get a sharp image.
xi. The letter 'e' was drawn the way it was observed e.g its position and dimension.
xii. The nosepiece was turned to the next objective lens. This time the fine adjustment
knob was used only to focus if necessary. After switching the objective lens, the
parfocal microscope will stay focused.
xiii. The light intensity was increased.
xiv. The letter 'e' was observed and drawn again.

B. Observation of plants cell

1. Ripe banana cells

i. A banana was peeled and the fruit was rubbed over the surface of a clean glass
slide. To avoid overlapping of cells, do not put too much.
ii. A drop of iodine solution was added to stain the cells.
iii. A cover slip was carefully lowered onto the specimen.
iv. By the low power of the microscope viewed it.
v. The objective was changed to high power.
vi. Note was taken, sketched, and labeled the cells.
vii. The experiment was repeated with the sample from the inner side of the banana
skin.

2. Onion cell
i. A small piece of onion was taken and forceps were used to peel off the inner side
of its membrane.
ii. The membrane was laid flat on the surface of a clean glass slide, and then a drop
of iodine solution was added.
iii. A cover slip was covered carefully into the specimen.
iv. By low power, the specimen was observed, then changed to a high power of the
microscope.
v. Note was taken,and the cells observed were sketched and labeled. The nucleic
should be able to be seen.

C. Observation of animal cells

1. Blood cells
i. The skin of one fingertip was scrubbed thoroughly with a cotton swab and rubbing
alcohol.
ii. A lancet was opened to expose the sharp point (about 3 mm long). The cleaned
fingertip was quickly punctured, the lancet was put down, and the finger was gently
squeezed until a small drop of blood formed on the fingertip.
iii. The drop of blood from the finger was placed into the middle of the glass slide and
the fingertip was wiped to clean excess blood. (Applied pressure with a tissue until
the bleeding stops).
iv. A drop of distilled water was added.
v. A cover slip was covered carefully into the specimen.
vi. By low power, the specimen was observed, then changed to a high power of the
microscope.
vi. Note was taken, and the cells observed were sketched and labeled.
 vii. The experiment was repeated with the sample blood that was stained with iodine.

Results

A. Using the microscope

Title: ‘e’ letter Title: ‘e’ letter Title: ‘e’ letter

Figure 1 (a) (b) (c)

Objective 4X 10X 40X

lens :

Image 4 x10= 40X 10 x10 = 100X 40 x 10 = 400X

magnification :

B. Observation of plants cell

1. Ripe banana cells

Title : Cells of ripe banana surface Title :Cells of inner side of the banana skin

Figure 2 (a): Structure of ripe

banana surface cell
(1000X magnification)
 2. Onion cell

Title: Cells of onion skin

Figure 3 : Structure of onion skin cell

(100X magnification)

C. Observation of animal cells

1. Blood cells

Title: Red blood cells with water Title: Red blood cells with iodine
Discussion

In activity (A), we are able to learn how to use the microscope properly and know
the exact names of some parts of the microscope and also its function. We are also
able to observe an alphabet which is an ‘e’ under the microscope. We can totally see
that the image of the ‘e’ that appears under 4X, 10X and 40X magnification is inverted.
This is caused by the multiple lenses that the microscope have and an increased level
of magnifications. In short, the image is inverted because of the reflections of the light
rays and because it goes through two lens systems which are objective lens and ocular
lens. Plus, we clearly see that when the magnification is higher, the size of the image
gets larger. When using a light microscope, it's important to start with the low power
objective lens as the field of view will be wider, increasing the number of cells we are
able to see. Thus, this makes it easier to find what we're looking for.

For banana fruit cells, we rub the fruit over the surface of the glass slide and add a
drop of iodine to stain the cells. The function of the staining is to enhance visualization
of the banana fruit cells or certain cellular components under a microscope. We can
clearly see that the image of a ripe banana surface cell under 1000X magnification is
much larger and clearer to be observed rather than 100X magnification. The dark
stained area that can be seen both under 1000X and 100X magnification is granular
starch. This proves that the banana surface cell and the inner side of the banana skin
cell both have granular starch that is produced by photosynthesis.

For onion skin cells, under 100X magnification, we are able to identify the cell wall,
cell membrane and nuclei clearer than under 40X magnification. We did find that the
onion skin cells have a much more regular shape than the red blood cells because they
have the cell wall that is made up from cellulose to maintain its shape. Same like the
previous one which is banana fruit cell, we also use iodine as the staining to enhance
visualization of the onion skin cells and other cellular components under the
microscope.

To observe the animal cell, we use the blood cell to learn the structure and
components. Under both magnification which is 400X magnification and 1000X
magnification, we are able to observe that the blood smear is spread evenly on the
slides. We can clearly observe that the blood cell image under 1000X magnification is
much larger and clearer than under 400X magnifications. Plus, the blood cells that are
stained by the iodine can be differentiate more easily rather than the water.
 Conclusion

From this experiment, we can conclude that every part of the microscope has its
own functions. We are also able to learn how to take care and maintain a microscope.
In addition, we are able to learn how to use the microscope properly to get the best
image of the specimens.

While observing the plant cells, which are the banana surface cell, inner side of the
banana skin and the onion skin cells, we study the best way to prepare the slides using
the plant samples. We also have the opportunity to observe and differentiate the cell
structure under various magnifications while using various kinds of staining.

In general, we can conclude that when the magnification is higher, the size of the
image gets larger. The image that appears under the microscope is also inverted
because of the reflections of the light rays and because it goes through two lens
systems which are objective lens and ocular lens. Next, the banana surface cell and the
inner side of the banana skin cell are both have granular starch that is produced by
photosynthesis. For onion skin cells, under 100X magnification, we are able to identify
the cell wall, cell membrane and nuclei clearer than under 40X magnification. Lastly for
the blood cells, we are able to observe that the blood smear is spread evenly on the
slides.

References

1. Ghazaryan, A., Adamyan, S., Hayrapetyan, T., Papov, G., Hakobyan, L., Abroyan,
L., Bayramyan, N., Hakobyan, S., Poghosyan, A., Torossian, H., & Karalyan, Z.
(2022, March 29). Comparative staining of Rhinolophus spp. white blood cells in
blood smears - PMC. PubMed Central (PMC). Retrieved October 24, 2022, from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9047142/

2. Blood Cells. (n.d.). Google Books. Retrieved October 24, 2022, from
https://books.google.com.my/books?id=ZMhUEAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq
=observation+blood+cell+experiment&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=ob
servation%20blood%20cell%20experiment&f=false

3. Spector, D. L., & Goldman, R. D. (2006). Basic methods in microscopy protocols

and concepts from cells: A laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Press. Retrieved October 24, 2022, from https://books.google.com.my/books?id
=MUt-sAjmzywC&printsec=frontcover&dq=basic+technique+in+microscopy&hl=en
&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjpo8ughff6AhW0xTgGHbykCq4Q6AF6BAgKEAI#v=onepag
e&q=basic%20technique%20in%20microscopy&f=false