Intermolecular Forces

and
Bonding in Solids

1
Different States of Matter
3 States
Solid state - ice

Liquid state - water

Gas state - water vapor

2
 Intermolecular Forces
Intermolecular forces are forces between molecules.
Intramolecular forces hold atoms together in a molecule.
Intermolecular vs Intramolecular
• 41 kJ to vaporize 1 mole of water (inter)
• 930 kJ to break all O-H bonds in 1 mole of water (intra)

“Measure” of intermolecular force

Generally,
boiling point
intermolecular
forces are much melting point
weaker than Hvap
intramolecular
forces. Hfus
3
Hsub
 Intermolecular Forces
Dipole-Dipole Forces: Attractive and repulsive forces between
polar molecules
solid

liquid

4
 Intermolecular Forces
Hydrogen Bond: a special dipole-dipole interaction between
the hydrogen atom in a polar N-H, O-H, or F-H bond and an
electronegative O, N, or F atom.

A H… B or A H…A
A & B are N, O, or F

5
 Intermolecular Forces
Dispersion Forces: Attractive forces that arise as a result of
temporary dipoles induced in atoms or molecules

6
Dispersion Forces among Nonpolar Molecules

separated instantaneous
Cl2 dipoles
molecules

7
 Intermolecular Forces

Polarizability is the ease with which the electron distribution

in the atom or molecule can be distorted.

Polarizability increases with:

• greater number of electrons
• more diffuse electron cloud

Dispersion
forces usually
increase with
molar mass.

8
 Intermolecular Forces
What type(s) of intermolecular forces exist between
each of the following molecules?

CH4
CH4 is nonpolar: dispersion forces.

S O
SO2 O
SO2 is a polar molecule: dipole-dipole forces. There are
also dispersion forces between SO2 molecules.
HF
HF is a polar molecule: dipole-dipole forces. Hydrogen is
bounded to F. Hydrogen bonds exist. There are also
dispersion forces between HBr molecules. 9
 Structures and Types of Solids
A crystalline solid possesses rigid and long-range order. In a
crystalline solid, atoms, molecules or ions occupy specific
(predictable) positions.
An amorphous solid does not possess a well-defined
arrangement and long-range molecular order.

A unit cell is the basic repeating structural unit of a crystalline

solid.
lattice
point

10
Unit Cell Unit cells in 3 dimensions
Seven Types of Unit Cells

11
 Three Types of Cubic Cells

1 atom/unit cell 2 atoms/unit cell 4 atoms/unit cell

(8 x 1/8 = 1) (8 x 1/8 + 1 = 2) (8 x 1/8 + 6 x 1/2 = 4)
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13
The Striking Beauty of Crystalline Solids

14
 Three Types of Crystalline Solids

atomic solid ionic solid molecular solid

15
Types and Properties of Solids

16
 Metallic Crystals
• Lattice points occupied by metal atoms
• Held together by metallic bonds
• Soft to hard, low to high melting point
• Good conductors of heat and electricity

nucleus &
inner shell e-

mobile “sea”
of e-

17
MO Energy Levels as a Function of the # of AO

18
The band of MOs in lithium metal

Conduction
Band

Valence
Band

19
 Covalent Crystals
• Lattice points occupied by atoms
• Held together by covalent bonds
• Hard, high melting point
• Poor conductor of heat and electricity

carbon
atoms

20
diamond graphite
Graphite Consists of Layers of
Carbon Atoms

21
 Electrical Conductivity in Graphite
sp2 hybridization Delocalized  orbitals

conductor

22
Electrical Conductivity in Diamond

sp3 hybridization localized  orbitals

insulator

23
Conductor, Semiconductor, and Insulator

conductor insulator

semiconductor 24
Doped Semiconductors
n-type p-type

25
Chemistry In Action: High-Temperature Superconductors

26
 Acknowledgment

Some images, animation, and material have been taken from the following sources:
Chemistry, Zumdahl, Steven S.; Zumdahl, Susan A.; Houghton Mifflin Co., 6th Ed., 2003;
supplements for the instructor
General Chemistry: The Essential Concepts, Chang, Raymon; McGraw-Hill Co. Inc., 4th
Ed., 2005; supplements for the instructor
Principles of General Chemistry, Silberberg, Martin; McGraw-Hill Co. Inc., 1st Ed., 2006;
supplements for the instructor

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