General

Chemistry 2
• The properties of liquids and solids to
the nature of forces between particles
• Phase changes in terms of the
accompanying changes in energy and
forces between particles
• Properties of solutions, solubility, and
the stoichiometry of reactions in
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•Energy changes in chemical
reactions
•The rate of a reaction and the
various factors that influence it
•The collision theory
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 Write the molecular formula of the ff:

•Sodium chloride
•Carbon dioxide
•Water
•Hydrogen chloride
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 KMT
Kinetic Molecular
Theory

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 Kinetic Molecular Theory
• a model that is used to explain the behavior of
states of matter from a microscopic point of
view
• helps us explain why matter exists in
different phases (solid, liquid, and gas)
and how matter can change from one
phase to the next.
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Postulates of KMT are as
follows:
1. Matter is made of particles
that are constantly in motion.
Postulates of KMT are as
follows:

2. The amount of kinetic

energy in a substance is
related to its temperature.
Postulates of KMT are as
follows:
3. There is space between
particles. The amount of space in
between particles is related to
the substance's state of matter.
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Postulates of KMT are as
follows:
4. Phase changes happen
when the temperature of the
substance changes
sufficiently.
Postulates of KMT are as
follows:

5. There are attractive forces

in between particles called
intermolecular forces.
 Two kinds of Forces in a Molecule

Intramolecular Intermolecular
Forces Forces
• forces that hold
• forces that exist
atoms together between
within a molecule molecules.
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INTRAMOLECULAR
FORCES Generally, these forces are simply the
chemical bonds such as ionic and
covalent bonding.
INTERMOLECULA
R FORCES
Intermolecular forces are responsible for the non-ideal
behavior of gases, but they exert more influence in the
condensed phases of matter which are liquids and solids
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 INTERMOLECULAR FORCES are
relatively weaker than forces within
the molecules forming bonds
(INTRAMOLECULAR FORCES)

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 Types of
Intermolecular
Forces

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 Dipole-Dipole Interaction
•These forces occur when the
partially positively charged part of
a molecule interacts with the
partially negatively charged part
of the neighboring molecule.
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 Dipole-Dipole Interaction
•The prerequisite for this type of
attraction to exist is partially
charged ions.

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 Dipole-Dipole Interaction

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 Dipole-Dipole Interaction

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 Dipole-Dipole Interaction

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 Hydrogen Bonding
•This is a special kind of dipole-dipole
interaction that occurs specifically between a
hydrogen atom bonded to either an oxygen,
nitrogen, or fluorine atom. The partially
positive end of hydrogen is attracted to the
partially negative end of the oxygen,
nitrogen, or fluorine of another molecule.
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 Hydrogen Bonding

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 Hydrogen Bonding

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 London Dispersion Forces
These are the weakest of the
intermolecular forces and exist
between all types of molecules,
whether ionic or covalent—polar or
nonpolar.
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 London Dispersion Forces

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 London Dispersion Forces
• Halogens: fluorine (F2), chlorine (Cl2), bromine
(Br2), and iodine (I2)
• Nobel gases: helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar),
and krypton (Kr)
• Gases: oxygen (O2), nitrogen (N2), carbon dioxide
(CO2), and phosphine (PH3)
• Hydrocarbons: methane (CH4), hexane (C6H6),
carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), and ethane (C2H6)
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 Relative Strength of Intermolecular Forces

STRONGE
ST

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 Dipole-Dipole and London Dispersion

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 Hydrogen bonding

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 London Dispersion

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1. Kinetic-molecular theory makes
several assumptions
about_______________.
A. The size and energy of the
molecules
B. The motion and energy of the
molecules
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2. What do you call the weakest type
of intermolecular forces?
A.Dipole-dipole force
B. Hydrogen bonding
C. Ion-dipole force
D. London dispersion force
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3. What do you call the force that
polar molecules containing H
chemically
bonded to a small and highly
electronegative nonmetal atom such
as N, O,and F?
A. dipole-dipole B. hydrogen
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4. What is a dipole-dipole force?
A. The force that occurs between the oppositely
charged poles of polar molecules.
B. The force that occurs within a polar
molecule because of the oppositely charged
poles.
C. The attractive force that occurs between an
ion and a dipole.
D. The force that occurs between non-polar
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