GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

THE KINETIC
MOLECULAR MODEL
& INTERMOLECULAR
FORCES
Prepared by:
Mr. Lester Jan Bato
Ms. Anthea Leigh Illut
QUESTION:

Which state of matter below lacks

both a definite shape and definite
volume?
A. Solid
B. Liquid
C. Gas
D. All of the answers are correct
ANSWER

C. GAS
Objective/s:
At the end of the discussion, you should be able to:
use the kinetic molecular model to explain
the shape and volume of liquids and solids,
describe and differentiate the types of
intermolecular forces; and
predict the intermolecular forces possible for
molecules.
 1.1
KINETIC
MOLECULAR
MODEL OF SOLIDS
AND LIQUIDS
 Kinetic Molecular
Theory
The kinetic molecular theory is a
theory that explains the state of matter
and is based on the idea that matter is
composed of tiny particles that are
always in motion.
 Kinetic Molecular Theory
 All matter is made up of tiny particles.
 these particles are in constant motion.
 the speed of particles proportional to temperature.
increased temperature means greater speed.
 Solid, liquids, and gases differ in distances
between particles, in the freedom of motion of
particles, and in the extent to which the particles
interact.
States of matter
 Molecular Behavior
Properties of
Matter Gas Liquid Solid

Volume/Shape not definite volume definite volume but definite volume

and indefinite shape and definite shape
shape of container

Density low high high

Compressibilty easy to compress cannot be Cannot be

appreciably appreciably
compressed compressed

Motion and Random, fast, Random, medium Vibration in place;

arrangement of cover large speed, limited ordered
Molecules distances; distances;Disorder arrangement
 1.2
INTERMOLECUL
AR FORCES OF
ATTRACTION
 Intermolecular Forces
are attractive forces between
molecules or particles in the solid or
liquid states.
 INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
(IMF)
are relatively weaker than the forces within
the molecules forming bonds
(intramolecular forces)

Intramolecular Forces
hold atoms together in a molecule.
 Intermolecular Forces
■ The intermolecular forces of attraction in a pure
substance are collectively known as Van der
Waals forces.
■ Types of Intermolecular Forces
1. London dispersion
2. Dipole-dipole
3. Ion -dipole
4. Hydrogen Bonding
 Polar and Nonpolar
Covalent Bonds
Covalent bonding involves sharing electrons
between atoms.
Nonpolar covalent bond
 equal sharing of electrons between two atoms.
Both atoms have same attractions for shared pair.
Example: H2

H-H
Polar covalent bond
unequal sharing of electrons between atoms.
One atom has greater attraction for shared pair.
– Example; Hydrocloric acid (HCl)

H - Cl
The atom that has a greater attraction for
shared electrons takes on a partial
negative charge and the atom with a
weaker attraction takes on a partial
positive charge.
Electronegativity
 the power of an atom in a molecule to attract
electron to itself.
 measures the ability of an atom to attract
electrons from an another atom.
 Scale in which atom is assigned a number
between 0 and 4.
Electronegativity values
the difference in electronegativities between
two atoms to predict the type of bond formed
between the atoms.
Bond Type Electronegativity
Difference
Nonpolar covalent 0-0.4
Polar Covalent >0.5 - 1.7
Ionic >1.8 or greater
Example:
1. HCl H = 2.1 3.0 - 2.1 = 0.9 Polar
Cl= 3.0

2. I2 I = 2.5 2.5 - 2.5 = 0 Non-Polar

I = 2.5

3. NaCl Na= 0.9 3.0 - 0.9 = 2.1 Ionic

Cl = 3.0
 London Dispersion Forces
 It is the weakest type of Intermolecular force.
 When 2 non-polar molecules approach each
other, an instantaneous dipole moment forms.
 Dispersion forces increase with increasing
molecular mass and decrease with increasing
distances between the molecules.
Alkane- CnH2n+2
Methane CH4
C = 2.5
H=2.1
CH
■ The boiling point and melting points of covalent
substances generally increase with increasing
molecular mass.
Halogen Molar Melting Boiling
Mass point Point
g/mol
F2 38 53.5 k 85.0 k
Cl2 71 172.2 k 239.1 k
Br2 160 265.9 k 331.9 k
I2 254 386.7 k 457.9 k
■ The strength of instantaneous and induced
dipoles also depends on molecular shape.
Molecules with small compact structures are
more difficult to polarize than molecules with
elongated structures.

■ For example: C2H6 and C5H12, that with the

longer chain has the higher boiling point.
The boiling point of C2H6 is 184.4K , C5H12 is
309 K.
London Dispersion Forces
■ Example;
diatomic molecules (Cl2, Br2)
 Dipole-dipole Forces
 exist between polar molecules.
 One end of a dipole attracts the oppositely
charged end of the other dipole.
 The higher the dipole moment, the stronger the
intermolecular forces for substance to boil, and
the higher the boiling point.
Substance Molecular Dipole Boiling
Weight Moment Point
CH3CH2C
H 3, 44 0.1 231
Propane
CH3OCH3,
Dimethyl 46 1.3 248
Ether
Dipole-dipole Forces
Example: Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
 Ion-Dipole Forces
 It acts between an ion (either positive or
negative) and a polar molecule.
 these forces exist when polar molecules are
attracted to ions.
 this explains the solubility of ionic compounds in
water, which is polar molecule.
 Ion- dipole forces
Example: Salt water
 Hydrogen Bonding
 It is a special type and very strong type of dipole-
dipole force that exists between a Hydrogen atom
bound to a small and highly electronegative non-
metal atom.
 Hydrogen bonds occur in polar molecules
containing H and any of highly electronegative
elements, in particular Nitrogen (N), Fluorine (F),
and Oxygen (O).
 Hydrogen Bonding
■ Example: water (H2O)
Sample Problem

For which molecules in each of the following pairs

would you expect the hydrogen bonding to other
molecules of the same type be greater?
1. CH3CH2CH2NH2 or H2NCH2CH2NH2
2. B(OH)3 or BH3
3. CH3OH or H2CO
4. HI or HF
Sample Problem
Which among H2O, CH3F, Cl2, and Xe has
a) the strongest London dispersion force?
b) the strongest hydrogen bonding?
c) basically dipole-dipole forces?
Answers:

■ Cl2 and Xe have no dipole forces but Xe has

greater molecular mass so it has the strongest
London dispersion force.
■ H2O is polar. It exhibits Hydrogen bonding
■ CH3F is polar so it has dipole-dipole force.
 Activity no.1
I. Predict the type of Intermolecular forces that will
be formed with the same kind of (nos. 1-3) and
different kinds (nos.4-5):
1. CH3OH
2. H2S
3. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
4. NH3 and H2O
5. CH3CH2OH and H2O
References:
Offline:
■ C&E Book - Breaking Through General Chemistry 2
■ General Chemistry 2. Rex Book Store
Online:
■ https://www.slideserve.com/aldan/polar-and-nonpolar-covalent-bonds
■ https://www.slideshare.net/marvinnbustamante1/general-chemistry-2-
chapter-1-the-kinetic-molecular-model-and-intermolecular-forces-of-
attraction-in-matter
■ https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Book
%3A_Introductory_Chemistry_(CK12)/13%3A_States_of_Matter/
13.01%3A_Kinetic_Molecular_Theory