OPENING PRAYER

DEAR LORD,
WE THANK YOU FOR THIS LIFE,
AND THIS WONDERFUL OPPORTUNITY
TO GET TOGETHER AND LEARN.
GUIDE US IN ALL THING WE WILL DO.
BLESS US WITH WISDOM SO THAT OUR
DISCUSSIONS WILL BE FRUITFUL.
AND, HEAL US, HEAL THIS WORLD SO
THAT WE CAN GO BACK TO OUR NORMAL
LIVES.

AMEN
 Chemical bonding
( Ionic and Covalent Bonding)
• Objectives
1. Learn how ionic and covalent
bonding works.
2. Determine if a molecule is polar
and non polar given its structure.
3. Relate the polarity of a molecule to
its properties.
• ATOMS- smallest particle of element.
- Atoms can join together to form molecules.
• Ex. Ne, F, C, O, H, etc.
• MOLECULES- made up of two or more atoms that are
chemically bonded together.
• Ex. H2O, H2,CaO, etc.
Molecules of compounds are formed by;
• Chemical Bonds-  the physical phenomenon
of chemical substances being held together
by attraction of atoms to each other through
sharing, as well as exchanging of electrons.
 TWO TYPES CHEMICAL BONDING
1) IONIC
-Occur between metal and non metal.
-a type of chemical bonding that involves electrostatic attractions
between oppositely charged ions.
- ( cations and anions)

Properties
*Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling point.
*Can conduct electricity
*When in liquid form, the ionic compound’s particles move freely
 Example 1.

Formation of sodium chloride, NaCl, from an ionic bond between

sodium (Na) a metal, (Cl), a non metal.
Step 1. show the formation of ions

Na= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 Cl= 1s1 2s 2p6 3s2 3p5

Step 2. Give the formula and name

of the compound form, NaCl sodium chloride
Example 2
Formation of ionic bond between Al and O to
form Al2O3.

Step 1. Formation of ions

Al= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1
minus 3 electrons ( in losing 3 electrons,
aluminum gets a charge of 3+

O= 1s2 2s2 2p4

plus 2 electrons ( In gaining 2 electrons,
oxygen gets a charge of 2-
Step 2. Give the formula and name of the
compound formed: Al2O3 aluminum oxide.
 COVALENT BOND
• -Occur between two non metals.
• -it involves the sharing of electron pair between two atoms.
• The shared pair of electrons can come from both parent atoms ( normal covalent
bond)
• Only one of the atoms participating in the formation of the bond (coordinate
covalent bond).••

A• + •B A-B or A:B ( normal covalent bond)

A: + B+ A:B (coordinate covalent bond)
 Example 1
Show the formation of a coordinate covalent bond in NH3 to form NH4+

NH3 + H+ NH4+

H ..
H N H

H
POLAR AND NONPOLAR
MOLECULES
 TWO TYPES OF COVALENT BOND

POLAR NONPOLAR
Atoms are held Equally
together by shared electrons
unequally shared
electrons
 Water (H2O)

Methane (CH4)
 ELECTRONEGATIVITY

• The ability of an atom to draw shared electrons toward

itself.
• Has one important role in the formation of molecules.
• Less than 0.5 (nonpolar)
• Between 0.6 to 2.0 ( Polar)
• More than 2.1 (ionic)
• Example
1. Hydrogen gas ( H2) atoms are
equally the same so the sharing of the
electrons between the two are equal.
-Electronegativity (2.1-2.1= 0)

Type of bond- Nonpolar

• 2. Hydrogen flouride (HF)
The two binding atoms are
different, so the electrons are not
shared equally.
- Electronegativity

F,4.0- H,2.1= 1.9)

Type of bond -Polar
• 3. Sodium fluoride( NaF )
- Electronegativity
4.0-0.9= 3.1

Type of bond- Ionic

 GENERAL TYPES OF
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
A form of attraction
• Attractive coulombic between a positive and
negative charges.
interactions
between molecules.
• Can be attractive or repulsive,
hold molecules together.
INTRAMOLECULAR FORCES
• Forces that hold together within
a molecule.
• Bonding forces
• Examples; ionic bond, covalent
bond.
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
• Forces that exist between
molecules.
• Non Bonding forces
• Examples; hydrogen bonding,
dipole – dipole, etc.
 FOUR TYPES OF INTERMOLECULAR
FORCES
• Dipole- dipole interactions
• Ion-dipole interactions Van der Waals
Forces ( Dutch
• Dispersion forces Physicist, Johannes
• Hydrogen bonding Van der Waals)

It is the special type

of Dipole- dipole
forces
 DIPOLE- DIPOLE INTERACTIONS
• -attractive forces that act between polar molecules.
• are attractive forces between the positive end of one polar
molecule and the negative end of another polar molecule.
Ex. HCl
 HYDROGEN BONDING
• Special type of Dipole- dipole interactions.
• It occurs only in molecules that contain highly
electronegative atom like F, N, and O.
 DISPERSION FORCES

• Attractive forces between nonpolar molecules.

• Weakest intermolecular attraction.
• The distribution of electron density in a non polar
molecules is symmetrical and uniform.
 ION-DIPOLE INTERACTIONS

• Attraction between ionic and polar molecules.

• When ionic and polar substances are mixed together, such as
dissolving sodium chloride in water to form an aqueous
solution, they exhibit ion-dipole interactions.
A solution in which the
solvent is water.
Ex. H2O, and the NaCl
 IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF INTERMOLECULAR
FORCES AS REFLECTED BY THE
PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES

• Properties of substances depend upon the type of

intermolecular forces that hold them together.
• For molecules with no dipole moment, such as nonpolar
molecules, they liquefy at sufficiently at low temperature.
• The distinction and covalent classification is based on their
physical properties.to be able to discuss them, you have to classify
them into;
A) In a molecular covalent type like CO2, I2, P2 and Cl2, the
atoms in the molecule are held together by strong covalent bond.
b)In the network type species like silicon dioxide and diamond,
the attractive forces between the atoms are very strong.
On the other hand, ionic compounds have the ability to conduct
electric current when molten.