INTERMOLECULAR

FORCES
Electronegativity
• Electronegativity is a
measure of an atom's
ability to attract shared
electrons to itself.
Dipole Moment
• Dipole moments occur
when there is a
separation of charge.
Intermolecular Forces (IMF)
• Ion-Dipole Forces
• Intermolecular forces
are attractive forces that • Dipole-Dipole Forces
operate between • Hydrogen Bonds
molecules. They arise •
from the interaction of
London Dispersion
positive and negative Forces
charges.
Van der Waals Forces

• The forces are due to the attractions between the partial positive and

partial negative electrical charges between molecules.

• These attractions do not result from a chemical electronic bond; they

are comparatively weak and therefore more susceptible to
disturbance.
Ion-Dipole Forces

• Ion-dipole forces exist between an ion (charged particles)

and a dipole (polar) molecule.

• A positive ion will be attracted to the negative pole of the

polar molecule, while a negative ion will be attracted to the
positive pole of the polar molecule.
 Dipole-Dipole Forces

• Dipole-dipole forces are

attractive forces that occur
between polar molecules.
• The partially positive end of
one molecule attracts the
partially negative ends of
other molecules.
Hydrogen Bonds
• A hydrogen bond is a
special type of dipole-
dipole force between polar
molecules having an H
atom covalently bonded to
a highly electronegative
atom (O, N, or F) with lone
electron pairs.
London Dispersion Forces
• It is the only force present in nonpolar molecules.

• London dispersion force is an intermolecular force

that occurs when an instantaneous dipole appears
from the shift of electron cloud in an atom.
PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES IN
RELATION TO INTERMOLECULAR
FORCES
• Surface Tension

• Surface tension is a phenomenon

caused by cohesive forces
(intermolecular forces) between
molecules allowing liquids to create
a thin film on its surface.
PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES IN
RELATION TO INTERMOLECULAR
FORCES
• Boiling and Melting Point

• In general, substances with weak intermolecular forces will have low

melting and boiling points while those with strong intermolecular forces
will have high melting and boiling points.
• The strong intermolecular force of the substance holds the molecules
tightly thus making the bond hard to evaporate and boil.
PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES IN
RELATION TO INTERMOLECULAR
FORCES
PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES IN
RELATION TO INTERMOLECULAR
FORCES
• Vapor Pressure

• Vapor pressure is a measure of the tendency of a material to change

into the gaseous or vapor state, and it increases with temperature.

• A liquid with weak intermolecular forces will evaporate easily thus,

has a higher vapor pressure while liquid with strong IMF will not
easily evaporate thus will have a lower vapor pressure.
PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES IN
RELATION TO INTERMOLECULAR
FORCES
• Viscosity

• Viscosity is the resistance of a liquid to flow. The more viscous a liquid

is the thicker its consistency. In layman's term, it is the measure of the
thickness of a liquid.

• In general, stronger intermolecular forces lead to higher viscosity.

Activity
1. The weakest intermolecular force which is formed due to temporary
dipoles of a non-polar molecule.
2. It is a special type of dipole-dipole force between polar molecules
having an H atom covalently bonded to a highly electronegative
atom (O, N or F) with lone electron pairs.
3. These are attractive forces that occur between polar molecules.
4. The forces of interaction that exist between charged particles called
ions and a polar molecule.
PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES IN
RELATION TO INTERMOLECULAR
FORCES
1. KCl------NH3
2. 2. NH3------NH3
3. H2S------H2S
4. CO2------CO2
5. CH3OH------CH3OH
6. Br2------ Br2 -
7. Na2S------HCl
8. H2------H2
9. HF------HF
10. SbH3------SbH3
KCl------NH3
NH3------NH3
H2S------H2S
CO2------CO2
CH3OH------CH3OH
Br2------ Br2
Na2S------HCl
H2------H2
HF------HF
SbH3------SbH3
PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES IN
RELATION TO INTERMOLECULAR
FORCES
1. KCl------NH3 -Ion-dipole forces
2. NH3------NH3 -Hydrogen bond
3. H2S------H2S -Dipole-dipole forces
4. CO2------CO2 -London dispersion forces
5. CH3OH------CH3OH –Hydrogen bond
6. Br2------ Br2 -London dispersion forces
7. Na2S------HCl -Ion-dipole forces
8. H2------H2 -London dispersion forces
9. HF------HF -Hydrogen bond
10. SbH3------SbH3 -Dipole-dipole forces