Kinetic Molecular

Model of LIQUIDS
and SOLIDS
with Sir MANNY P.
VISTA
GRADE 12 STEM GEN CHEM
2
Learning Objectives:

 Use the kinetic molecular

model to explain properties of
liquids and solids
Focus points:

 Use the kinetic molecular model

to explain properties of liquids and
solids
 Describe and differentiate the
types of intermolecular forces
 Recall : Kinetic Molecular Theory of
Gas
The atoms and
molecules of gas
are so small and the
volume occupied
by the individual
particles of a gas is
negligible
compared to the
volume of the gas
itself https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_theory_of_gases

 Gas particles are in a constant state of rapid and

random motion and move in straight lines until
they collide with each other or against the wall of
container.
Recall : Kinetic Molecular Theory of
Gas
 During collision
(perfectly elastic)
of particles, total
kinetic energy is
conserved or no
energy is lost
during collision.
 There is no
intermolecular
force of
 The average kinetic energy of gas
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_theory_of_gases

attraction ,
molecules is directly proportional to
either
absolute temperature only ( Kelvin );
attractive or
this implies motion ceases if the
repulsive is
temperature is reduced to absolute
negligible.
zero.
Kinetic Molecular Theory of LIQUID
 Liquids have less
energy to move
molecules, as a
result, liquids are
denser compared to
gases.
 Molecules of liquid
are packed together https://gifer.com/en/gifs/liquid

until they can only

slide past one another,  The kinetic enrgy of the
this gives liquids the liquid is dependent on the
ability to assume the temperature, and phase
shape of a container, change is always
but still retain a accompanied by heat flow
definite volume.
Kinetic Molecular Theory of SOLID
 Solid is denser than a liquid,
giving little motion to the
molecules and forbids them
from escaping. As a result, a
solid is given a definite volume
and a definite shape. 

 The molecules are

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gif_-AtomosSolido_01.gif

 This particle arrangement

arranged in regular and is also responsible for their
repeated pattern, they malleability (ability of solid
are firmly inplaced but to be formed into thin
can vibrate within sheets with out breaking)
limited area. and ductility (ability of
solids to be formed into thin
wires.
 INTERMOLECULAR FORCES OF
o ATTRACTION
Intermolecular forces
are the forces of
attraction or repulsion
which act between
neighboring particles
(atoms, molecules, or
ions ).
o These forces are weak
compared to the
intramolecular forces,
such as the covalent or
ionic bonds between
atoms in a molecule.
https://slideplayer.com/slide/9372632/
TYPES INTERMOLECULAR FORCES OF
ATTRACTION
1. Dipole – dipole interaction
o These are attractive forces
between the positive end of
one polar molecule and the
negative end of another polar
molecule.
 A polar molecule has a
net dipole as a result of the Water molecule
opposing charges (i.e.
having partial positive and
partial negative charges)
from polar bonds arranged
asymmetrically.
 Water molecule is an
example of polar molecule https://makeagif.com/gif/water-molecule-bUIk6Y
 INTERMOLECULAR FORCES OF
2.ATTRACTION
London dispersion force
o The weakest intermolecular force.
o Sometimes called an induced dipole-induced dipole
attraction or instantaneous – induced dipole
o The London dispersion force is a temporary attractive
force that results when the electrons in two adjacent
atoms occupy positions that make the atoms form
temporary dipoles.
 INTERMOLECULAR FORCES OF
2.ATTRACTION
London dispersion force
o The dispersion force is caused by polarization, or the
distortion of the electron clouds brought by the presence
of highly charged particle.
o Instantaneous dipoles come about due to the random
movement of electrons through an atom or a molecule.
Such movement distorts the the negative charge density
within the molecule and creates spontaneous and short
lived dipoles, as shown below.

http://www.dynamicscience.com.au/tester/solutions1/chemistry/bonding/bonding8a.htm
 INTERMOLECULAR FORCES OF
2.ATTRACTION
London dispersion force
o The dispersion force is caused by polarization, or the
distortion of the electron clouds brought by the presence
of highly charged particle.
o Instantaneous dipoles come about due to the random
movement of electrons through an atom or a molecule.
Such movement distorts the the negative charge density
within the molecule and creates spontaneous and short
lived dipoles, as shown below.

http://www.dynamicscience.com.au/tester/solutions1/chemistry/bonding/bonding8a.htm
 INTERMOLECULAR FORCES OF
3.ATTRACTION
Ion-dipole interaction
o Ion-dipole
interaction is the
result of an
electrostatic
interaction between https://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/liquids/iondip.html

a charged ion and a

molecule that has a
dipole.

https://socratic.org/questions/5a64204ab72cff7b83554c78

o It is an attractive force that is commonly found in

solutions, especially ionic compounds dissolved
in polar liquids.
 INTERMOLECULAR FORCES OF
4.ATTRACTION
Hydrogen bond
o Hydrogen bond is the
electrostatic attraction between
two polar groups that occurs
when a hydrogen (H) atom
covalently bound to a highly
electronegative atom such as
nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), or
fluorine (F) experiences the
electrostatic field of another
highly electronegative atom
nearby.
Good bye for now . . .