GENERAL

CHEMISTR
Y2
CHEMISTRY
Chemistry is a physical science, and it
is the study of the properties of and
interactions between matter and
energy. In other words, chemistry is a
way to study the properties,
characteristics, and physical and
chemical changes of matter.
MATTE
Rpretty important because it's anything
Matter is
that has mass and takes up space - basically, all
of the 'stuff' that makes up our world! Chemists
study atoms, which are the basic building blocks
of matter, as well interactions between atoms.
“I believe that the science of chemistry alone almost proves the
existence of an intelligent creator.”

—THOMAS ALVA EDISON

THE KINETIC
MOLECULAR
MODEL
KINETIC
“IN MOTION”

MOLECULE
It refers to two or more atoms which have
chemically combined to form a single species.
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES OF
ATTRACTION

01
LIQUID
02
SOLID
 The Kinetic Molecular Model

The kinetic molecular theory explain how gases behave. Gas is made of molecules that move
randomly and are widely separated from one another.

When the absolute temperature is increased, the average kinetic energy of the gas molecules also
increase. These may result in increase in the number of collisions, with energy transferred
between collision.

The kinetic energy of the particle is the energy needed to keep the particles moving. This is
dependent upon temperature.
 The Kinetic Molecular Model

Upon heating

Upon cooling

Temperature affects the amount of kinetic energy of the molecules, therefore

affecting their movement. This means that the particles of matter expand upon
heating and contract upon cooling.
The particles of each phase of matter
are as follows:

The particles of solid are closely

packed together. Because of their
compact arrangement, solids have
definite shapes and sizes.
The particles of each phase of matter
are as follows:
The particles of liquids are slightly
far from one another. This amount
of space enables liquid to flow and
take the shape of their containers.
Thus, they have no definite sizes
and shapes.
The particles of each phase of matter
are as follows:

The particles of gases move freely

and very far from one another,
which is why you cannot see them.
Furthermore, gas diffuse easily.
PHASE TRANSITION AS A FUNCTION OF VARYING TEMPERATURE
 As a person, you have your
own characteristics. Which
of your characteristics make
you different from others?
 INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
OF ATTRACTION
It pertains to forces that hold individual
particles such as atoms, molecules, or ions
together.

The strength of the intermolecular forces of attraction is dependent on

the arrangement of the particles, the proximity of particles relative to one
another, and the nature of the interacting particles.
 erally, the stronger the
rmolecular forces of attraction, the
ter is the required amount of
gy to overcome these forces.
The intramolecular forces of attraction
on the other hand, are those
responsible for interactions within a
molecule, such as covalent and ionic
bond.
 within a molecule
between molecules
LONDON DISPERSION FORCE
Named after the German-born physicist Fritz London, this is the
weakest among the intermolecular forces.

This dispersion force is caused by polarization, or the distortion

of the electron cloud caused by the presence of a highly charged
particle.

In this case, the electron cloud of one atom is attracted to the

positively charged nucleus of another atom.
POLARIZATION
Dipole-Dipole Interaction
This is an intermolecular force of attraction that occurs between
partially negative ( and partially positive ( ends.

The dipole-dipole interaction is effective over a short distance

only, as it is still weak, containing only 1% of the strength of
ionic bonds.

Moreover, an increase in temperature diminishes the strength of

a dipole-dipole interaction.
Ion-Dipole Interaction
This arises from the interaction between an ion and a polar
molecule.

If the molecule is an anion (negatively charged ion), it will be

attracted to the partially positive end of the polar molecule;

However, if the molecule is cation (positively charged ion), it

will be attracted to the partially negative end of the polar
molecule.
Hydrogen Bond
A hydrogen bond is a special kind of dipole-dipole interaction,
which is formed when hydrogen bonds with fluorine, oxygen or
nitrogen.

Generally, hydrogen bonds are still weaker than ionic or

covalent bonds, but they are the strongest intermolecular force
of attraction.

It is when the hydrogen bond is present between two different

molecules.
 PREDICTING THE
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES IN A
MOLECULE
PROPERTIES OF LIQUID
VISCOSIT VAPOR
Y PRESSURE
SURFACE BOILING
TENSION POINT
 VISCOSITY
This property refers to the measure of
liquid’s resistance to flow.

Highly viscous liquids are those exhibiting the

strongest intermolecular forces.
 SURFACE
TENSION
This is referred to as the amount of
resistance needed to increase the surface
area of liquids.

Energy is necessary to overcome surface tension.

This energy requirement must be proportional to
the strength of intermolecular forces. The greater
the intermolecular force, the higher surface tension
it is.
 VAPOR PRESSURE
Vaporization is the transformation of a Equilibrium is the condition at which there
substance from a liquid to gas. is a negligible net change.

Vaporization is an endothermic process as it Vapor pressure of liquid is defined as the

requires absorption of energy to break the pressure of the vapor present at equilibrium.
intermolecular forces of attraction in liquid. Liquids with high vapor pressure have a weak
intermolecular forces of attraction.

Consider a liquid in an enclosed container. Such liquids exhibit volatility, which is the
- CONDENSATION ability to readily evaporate from an open
- EQUILIBRIUM vessel.
 BOILING POINT
The normal boiling point of any liquid is
influenced by the existing intermolecular
forces of attraction.
 ACTIVITY:
Give example for each property of liquid and
explain the intermolecular force of attraction
present in it.