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General Chemistry 1
Quarter 3: Week 1 - Module 1
Kinetic Molecular Model
General Chemistry 1
Grade 11 Quarter 3: Week 1 - Module 1: Kinetic Molecular Model
First Edition, 2021
Copyright © 2021
La Union Schools Division
Region I
All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form
without written permission from the copyright owners.
Management Team:
The lesson explores the kinetic molecular theory and how it pertains
to the properties of solids and liquids. You'll learn the Kinetic Molecular Theory
explains the properties of solids and liquids in terms of intermolecular forces of
attraction and the kinetic energy of the individual particles. After reading this
learning material, you are expected to:
Use the kinetic molecular model to explain properties of liquids and
solid STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-99)
Before going on, check how much you know about this topic.
Answer the pretest on the next page and write your answer in
¼ sheet of paper.
JUMPSTART
Direction: Select the letter of the correct answer and write in ¼ sheet of paper.
3. When NaCl dissolves in water, aqueous Na+ and Cl ions result. What do you
call the force of attraction that exists between Na+ and H2O?
A. dipole-dipole C. hydrogen bonding
B. ion-ion D. ion-dipole
Discover
Take a glass of water. Drop a few drops of red food coloring in it. What happens?
The red food coloring drops should make their way down the glass of water slowly,
spread out and finally tint all of the water a reddish color. Why does this happen?
It happens because both substances are made out of molecules that are constantly
moving. These molecules have energy; one of the fundamental principles of the
kinetic molecular theory.
The Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) is a model used to explain the
behavior of matter. It is based on a series of postulates.
1. Dipole-dipole forces. These forces occur when the partially positively charged part
of a molecule interacts with the partially negatively charged part of the neighboring
molecule. The prerequisite for this type of attraction to exist is partially charged
ions—for example, the case of polar covalent bonds such as hydrogen
chlorideDipole-dipole interactions are the strongest intermolecular force of attraction.
2. Hydrogen bonding: This is a special kind of dipole-dipole interaction that occurs
specifically between a hydrogen atom bonded to either an oxygen, nitrogen, or
fluorine atom. The partially positive end of hydrogen is attracted to the partially
negative end of the oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine of another molecule. Hydrogen
bonding is a relatively strong force of attraction between molecules, and
considerable energy is required to break hydrogen bonds. This explains the
exceptionally high boiling points and melting points of compounds like water and
hydrogen fluoride. Hydrogen bonding plays an important role in biology; for
example, hydrogen bonds are responsible for holding nucleotide bases together
in and RNA.
3. Ion-dipole . The ions and the oppositely charged ends of the polar water
molecules overcome the attraction between ions themselves. Each ion becomes
separated and water molecules cluster around it.
4.
1. London dispersion forces, under the category of van der Waal forces: These are
the weakest of the intermolecular forces and exist between all types of molecules,
whether ionic or covalent—polar or nonpolar. The more electrons a molecule has,
the stronger the London dispersion forces are. For example, bromine has more
electrons than chlorine, so bromine will have stronger London dispersion forces
than chlorine, resulting in a higher boiling point for bromine, compared to
chlorine.. Also, the breaking of London dispersion forces doesn’t require that much
energy, which explains why nonpolar covalent compounds like methane oxygen,
and nitrogen—which only have London dispersion forces of attraction between the
molecules—freeze at very low temperatures.
1. Surface tension allows needles and paper clips to float in water if placed carefully
on the surface. It also explains why drop of water are spherical in shaped. These
intermolecular forces tend to pull the molecules into the liquid and cause the surface
to tighten like an elastic film or “skin”. Molecules within a liquid are pulled in all
directions by intermolecular forces. Molecules at the surface are pulled downward
and sideways by other molecules, not upward away from the surface. The liquids
that have strong Intermolecular forces also have high surface tension
Substances with relatively strong intermolecular forces will have low vapor
pressure because the particles will have difficulty escaping as a gas.
Example:
1.Wate (H O), (Hydrogen Bonding) has vapor pressure of 0.03 atm.
2
2.Ethyl Ether (C H O), dipole-dipole & London Force ) has vapor pressure at 0.68
4 10
atm.
4. Boiling point. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor
pressure is equal to the external or atmospheric pressure .Increasing the
temperature of a liquid raises the kinetic energy of its molecules, until such point
where the energy of the particle movement exceeds the intermolecular forces that
hold them together.The greater intermolecular force, the higher the energy needed to
increase the kinetic energy of the molecules to break these forces.
Deepen
Compose a poem or a song (indicate the tune), at least 2 stanzas having four
lines, showing or applying the concepts about Kinetic Molecular Theory or
intermolecular force and bonding.
POEM/SONG RUBRIC
Direction: Read carefully each question. Use a separate sheet of paper for your
answer. Write the letter of the best answer.(15 pts)
1. Kinetic-molecular theory makes several assumptions about _______________.
A. The size and energy of the molecules
B. The motion and energy of the molecules
C. The motion and size of the molecules
D. The size and weight of the molecules
2. What do you call the force when the partially positive end of one molecule is
attracted weakly to partial negative end?
A. coulomb's force B. electrostatic force
C. dipole-dipole interaction D. ionic bond
10. What do you call the force that polar molecules containing H chemically
bonded to a small and highly electronegative nonmetal atom such as N, O,
and F?
A. dipole-dipole B. hydrogen bonding
C. ion-dipole D. London dispersion force
13. By which phenomenon does the water rise from the roots to leaves of plants?
A. heat of vaporization B. capillary action
C. surface tension D. viscosity
A. Books
Cervantes, Charry Vida R. and Dizon, Reynald D. General Chemistry 1 for Senior
Highj School (Specialized Subjects for STEM Strand). Manila, Philippines:
LORIMAR Publishing Inc.2008.
B. Website
study.com/academy/lesson/the-kinetic-molecular-theory-properties-of-solids-
and-liquids.html
https://reviewgamezone.com/mc/candidate/test/?test_id=12019&title=Bondin
g%20%20Intermolecular%20Forces
https://www.slideshare.net/marvinnbustamante1/general-chemistry-2-
chapter-1-the-kinetic-molecular-model-and-intermolecular-forces-of-attraction-
in-matter?from_action=save
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/class-11-chemistry-
india/xfbb6cb8fc2bd00c8:in-in-states-of-matter/xfbb6cb8fc2bd00c8:in-in-
intermolecular-forces/a/intramolecular-and-intermolecular-forces
http://kayjayr-akshay.blogspot.com/2016/09/a-simple-activity-on-cohesion-
and.html
http://content.sandbox-njctl.org/courses/science/chemistry/intermolecular-
forces/intermolecular-forces-multiple-choice-2/intermolecular-forces-multiple-
choice-2009-05-13.pdf
https://www.sanfoundry.com/fluid-mechanics-questions-answers-surface-
tension/