General Forms of Research

General Forms of Research

Scientific Research in Artistic

Research Humanities Research
▪ Seeks to explain naturally occurring phenomena in
the natural world by generating credible theories.

▪ It involves a systematic process:

▪ Formulating a hypotheses
▪ Testing predictions using relevant data and other
Scientific
scientific methods
▪ Coming up with a theory
Research
▪ This study requires rational and statistical evidence to
draw conclusions
▪ Seeks to define the purpose of human existence by
tapping into historical facts and future possibilities.
Research in
▪ This form of research derive explanations from
human experiences that cannot be simply measured
by facts and figures alone.
Humanities
▪ Provides alternative approaches to establish concepts
by conducting practical methods as substitutes for
fundamental and theoretical ones.

▪ Main Purpose: Expounds om the current accepted Artistic

concepts and open them to further interpretation.

▪ This research generates new knowledge through

Research
artistic practices such as defining new concepts,
creating new processes, and devising new methods.
 Research Design
It ensures that the research or study will effectively
address the research topic or problem. It is a template
for the collection, measurement, and analysis of data.
The research problem determines the research design
that will be used in the study.
 Having a well-developed research design will enable the researcher to achieve:

1 2 3 4 5
Clearly identify and Review and synthesize Clearly identify Determine the data Describe the methods
describe the research previous studies and hypotheses that are necessary to test the of analysis that will be
problem or topic, and literature related to the significant to the hypotheses and used on the data
justify the selection of topic. problem . explain how the data gathered in order to
the appropriate design will be obtained. evaluate the
to be used hypotheses if the study.
1. Action Research
2. Casual Design
3. Descriptive Design
4. Experimental Design
5. Exploratory Design Examples of
6. Cohort Design Research
7. Cross-Sectional Design
Designs
8. Longitudinal Design
9. Sequential Design
10. Mixed-method Design
Quantitative Research
I. Aims to characterize trends or patterns.
II. Usually starts with neither a theory nor
hypothesis about the relationship between
two variables.
III. Uses structured instruments like
questionnaires or schedules.
IV. Uses large sample sizes that are
representatives of the population.
V. Has high output replicability
VI. Used to gain understanding of group
similarities.
VII. Uses structured processes.
VIII. Methods include census, survey,
experiments and secondary analysis.
Qualitative Research
I. Involves processes, feelings, and motives and
produces in-depth and holistic data.
II. Usually concerned with generating a hypothesis.
III. Uses either unstructured or semi-structured
instruments.
IV. Uses small sample sizes chosen purposely.
V. Has high validity.
VI. Used to gain greater understanding of individual
differences in terms of feelings, motives and
experiences.
VII. Uses more flexible processes.
VIII. Methods include field research, case study, and
secondary analysis.
 Qualitative Research
“Naturalistic method of inquiry of research
which deals with the issue of human
complexity by exploring it directly.” (Polit
and Beck, 2008)
STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES

I. Provides in-depth information

I. Findings may not be generalizable due to the sample
size of the participants.
II. Appropriate for describing and explaining
complex phenomenon II. It makes formulating quantitative predictions
challenging because it does not use statistical
III. Provides textual description of human
experiences techniques that will establish casual relations

IV. Provides information that can support III. Requires more time to gather and analyze data
quantitative data for a more reliable
IV. Can be easily influenced by the researcher’s personal
interpretation of findings
biases
V. Effectively analyzes intangible variables,
such as gender roles, socioeconomic status, V. Difficult to replicate
social norms, religion, and ethnicity.
VI. Heavily dependent on the ability of the researchers to
VI. More flexible in terms of study design communicate and express themselves
VII. Allows participants to answer in their own
words
Qualitative research is conducted in a systematic and rigorous
way. However, it is more flexible than quantitative research.
It usually follows an iterative process, which means that data
collection and analysis occur simultaneously. Data already
collected are updated by the ongoing selection.
It focuses on gathering information from people who can provide
richest insights into the phenomenon or interest.
Collection of data is continuous until saturation, or when it reaches
to a point where no new information is revealed with respect to the
key themes emerging from the data.
Qualitative data collection examines everyday life in its natural
context or in an uncontrolled naturalistic setting. [Kania, 2008]
 Enrichment Task:
From the discussion, what do you thing is the value
of doing Qualitative Research
 ▪ Phenomenological Study
▪ Ethnographical Study
▪ Historical Study

Common Types ▪ Case Study

▪ Grounded Theory Study
of Qualitative
▪ Narrative Analysis
Research ▪ Critical Qualitative Research
▪ Post Modern Research
▪ Basic Interpretative Qualitative Study
 ▪ This type of research seeks to find the essence or
structure of an experience by explaining how
complex meanings are built out of simple units of
inner experience.
▪ It examines the human experiences (lived
Phenomenological experiences) through the descriptions provided by
the subjects or respondents.
Study ▪ The goal is to describe the meaning that
experiences hold for each subject.

Ex: What are the experiences of a teenager who is

undergoing chemotherapy?
 ▪ It’s a collection and analysis of data about a culture.
▪ The researcher immerses with the subjects and
becomes involved with the activities that exemplify
the cultural practices of the respondents.

Ethnographical ▪ During the immersion process, the researcher talks

to the key persons and personalities (key
Study informants) who provide important information for
the study.

Ex: What is the demographic profile and migratory

adpaptations of squatter families in Barangay Cutcut,
Angeles City (dela Cruz, 1994).
 ▪ This type of study is concerned with the
identification, location, evaluation, and synthesis
of data from past events.
▪ It also involves relating implications to the
Historical Study present and future time.

Ex: What were the roles of women in the

Katipunan?
 ▪ It is an in-depth examination of an individual,
groups of people, or an institution.
▪ A case study involves a comprehensive and
extensive examination of a particular individual,
group, or situation over a period of time.
Case Study ▪ It provides information on where to draw
conclusions about the impact of a significant
event in a person’s life (Sanchez, 2002).

Ex: How do cancer survivors look at life?

 ▪ The main sources of data are the life accounts of
individuals based on their personal
experiences.
▪ The purpose of the study is to extract
Narrative Analysis meaningful context from these experiences.
▪ Psychological
▪ Biographical
▪ Discourse Analysis
 ▪ This type of research seeks to bring about
change and empower. Individuals by describing
and critiquing the social, cultural, and
psychological perspectives on present day
contexts.

Critical Qualitative Ex: A critical examination of the consumer

education texts in adult literacy programs
Research revealed content that was disrespectful for adult
learners, their previous experience consumers ,
and promoted certain ideologies regarding
consumerism. The texts also defended the status
quo by blaming individual inadequacies for
economic troubles, ignoring societal inequities.
 ▪ The approach of this type of research seeks to analyze the facts that have
been established as truths, the ability of research and science to
discover truth, and all generations and typologies.

▪ Merriam et al. (2002) proposed three “crises” as a result of the

questioning performed:
▪ Whether the experience of another can be captured or whether it is created
Postmodern by the researcher
▪ Whether any study can be viewed as valid if traditional methodologies are
Research flawed
▪ Whether it is possible to insinuate real change.

Ex: If our views of the self are themselves constructed by the society we live
in and the language we use, is true knowledge of the self, independent of
these, even possible? If our “selves” are constructed, then attempting to
gain knowledge through self reflection ids s miscognition and [it] instead
results in the creation of a less independent and more societal-regarded
self (Bleakly, 2000)
 ▪ This is when a researcher is interested in identifying how
individuals give meaning to a situation or phenomenon.
▪ It uses inductive strategy which is a process of analyzing
patterns or common themes to produce a descriptive
account that summarizes and analyzes that defined the
study.
Basic Interpretative
Qualitative Study Ex: An interview of 45 women from varying backgrounds
and a comparison of the developmental patterns discerned
with earlier findings on male development.
They found women’s lives evolved through periods of
tumultuous, structure-building phases that alternated with
stable periods (Levinson & Levinson, 1996).
 ▪ This method involves comparing collected units
of data against one another until categories,
properties, and hypotheses that state relations
between these categories and properties
emerge.
Grounded Theory ▪ Developing a theory through inductive analysis
Study of data.

Ex: Critical Race Theory, Racial Microaggressions,

and Campus Racial Climate: The Experiences of
African American College Students
Brain Rest
5 min
Pages: 16, 24, and 26