General Chemistry 2 ; Module 1 : Kinetic Molecular Model

What is Kinetic Molecular Theory?

-The kinetic-molecular theory is a theory that explains the states of matter and is based on the idea that matter is
composed of tiny particles that are always in motion.

Postulates of Kinetic Molecular Theory

1. Matter is made of particles that are constantly in motion. This energy in motion is called kinetic energy.
2. The amount of kinetic energy in a substance is related to its temperature. Increased temperature means
greaterspeed.
3. There is space between particles. The amount of space in between particles is related to the substance's state of
matter.
4. Phase changes happen when the temperature of the substance changes sufficiently.
5. There are attractive forces in between particles called intermolecular forces. The strength of these forces increase as
particles get closer together.

KMT of Liquids and Solids

liquid
• Arrangement of particles: far from each other and slide past each other
• Has a definite volume
• Liquids can flow, can be poured and it can assume the shape of its container

Solid
• Arrangement of particles: They are tightly packed with each other.
• Solids are almost incompressible and possess definite shape and volume.

KMT and Change in Phase

• Change in phase: The figure shows the orientation of particles in each state and the direction of phase change due to
addition and removal of kinetic energy.

The state of a substance depends on the balance between the kinetic energy of the individual particles (molecules or
atoms) and the intermolecular forces. The kinetic energy keeps the molecules apart and moving around, and is a
function of the temperature of the substance. The intermolecular forces are attractive forces that try to draw the
particles together.

Intramolecular forces

 Intramolecular (within molecules) forces holds atoms together in a molecule. Intramolecular forces stabilize
individual molecules. Generally, these forces are simply the chemical bonds such as ionic and covalent bonding.
 Intermolecular forces Intermolecular are attractive forces between molecules. They are relatively weaker than the
forces within the molecules forming bonds (intramolecular forces). Intermolecular forces are collectively known as
van der Waals forces named after Dutch chemist, Johannes van der Waal. Van der Waals forces are electrical in
nature; that is, they result in the attraction between centers of opposite charge in two molecules close to each other.

Intermolecular vs. Intramolecular forces

Intramolecular forces are the forces that hold atoms together within a molecule.
Intermolecular forces are forces that exist between molecules.

Types of Intermolecular Forces

London Dispersion forces

London dispersion forces, or simply dispersion forces, are intermolecular forces of attraction that exist between all
atoms and molecules. In addition, dispersion forces are the only kind of intermolecular forces present among
symmetrical nonpolar substances such as O2 and CO2 and monoatomic species such as noble gases.

Dispersion forces are weak attractive forces that results from the On the average, the electrons in a nonpolar molecule
or atom are distributed uniformly around the nucleus.However, at certain instances, the electrons may be on one side of
the nucleus. The molecule becomes temporary dipole or momentary dipole or instantaneous dipole. An instantaneous
dipole exerts an influence on nearby particles. It causes the distortion of the electron clouds of neighboring molecules.
As a result, the neighboring molecules also become dipoles. They are called induced dipoles because they are caused by
the formation of the first dipole. This kind of attraction is called instantaneous dipole-induced dipole attraction or
London forces. They are shortlived attractions because electrons keep on moving which causes the dipole to vanish as
quickly as they are formed.

Dispersion forces are weak attractive forces that results from

the continuous movement of electrons in particles.
The ease with which a dipole can be induced is called
polarizability.
Polarizability increases with increasedmolecular mass.
Also, polarization increases with increasing numbers of
electrons and therefore with increasing size of molecules.
Therefore, dispersion forces are generally stronger for molecules that are larger or have more electron.

Dipole-Dipole Forces
electronegativity between two atoms joined by
a covalent bond
Dipole-dipole Forces
Neutral polar molecules experience dipole-dipole forces. Polar molecules attract each other when the positive end of
one molecule is near the negative end of another. A dipole-dipole force is generally weaker than an ion-dipole force. The
strength of a given dipole-dipole interaction depends on the sizes of the dipole moments involved.

Dipole-dipole forces are attractive forces between polar molecules, that is, between molecules that possess dipole
moments. Dipole-dipole forces are the attraction between the positive end of one molecule and the negative end of
another.

Hydrogen bonding
This is a special kind of dipole-dipole interaction that occurs specifically between a hydrogen atom bonded to either an
oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine atom.

Ion-Dipole Forces
Ion-dipole force acts between an ion (either cation or anion) and a polar molecule. Polar molecules are dipoles, that is,
they have a positive and a negative end. Positive ions are all attracted to the negative end of a dipole, while negative
ions are attracted to the positive end. Ion-dipole forces are particularly important in solutions of ionic substances such as
NaCl in polar liquids such as water.

Ion-dipole force acts between an ion (either cation or anion) and a polar molecule. When an ionic compound is placed in
a solution of water, the positive end of the ionic compound becomes surrounded with the partial negative end of water,
and the negative end becomes surrounded by the partial positive hydrogen ion in water. In short, the positive pole is
attracted to the negative ion (anion), while the negative pole is attracted to a positive ion (cation).

Just remember…
London dispersion forces – all atoms and molecules
Dipole-Dipole forces – polar molecules
Hydrogen bonding – H atoms bonded to F, O, N atoms
Ion-dipole forces – polar molecules and ions involved