Kinetic Molecular Models of Liquids

and Solids
Psalm 102:25

“Of old you laid the foundation of the earth, and the
heavens are the work of your hands.”
Diagnostic Quiz

1. Phase of matter where particles are very far apart

2. Phase of matter where kinetic energy of particles
vibrate and rotate about a fixed position
3. A bond between hydrogen and a highly
electronegative element
4. What are the factors that can affect the state of
matter?
5. What is the type of force that tries to draw the
particles together?
Describes the states of matter in terms of:

* Arrangement of particles
* Kinetic energy of particles
* Particle motion
* Attractive forces between particles
* Intermolecular forces
Kinetic Molecular Models of Liquids
and Solids
The state of a substance depends on the balance
between of the individual particles
and the

keeps the molecules apart and

move around
try to draw the particles
together.
Liquids VS Solids
LIQUID: Intermolecular forces are strong enough to hold
molecules CLOSE TOGETHER .

SOLID: Intermolecular forces between neighboring molecules are

strong enough to keep them LOCKED IN POSITION.
“ Gases have weaker intermolecular forces than
liquids, while liquids have weaker intermolecular
forces than solids.”
Factors affecting the state of a substance:

Temperature: heating and cooling can change the kinetic

energy of the particles in a substance.

Pressure: Increasing the pressure on a substance forces the

molecules closer together, which increases the strength of
intermolecular forces.
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY

1. Matter is made of particles that are constantly in motion.

This energy in motion is called kinetic energy.
2. The amount of kinetic energy in a substance is related to its
temperature.
3. There is space between particles. The amount of space in
between particles is related to the substance’s state of matter.
4. Phase changes happen when the temperature of the substance
changes sufficiently.
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

1. Ion-dipole
2. H-bond
3. Dipole-dipole
4. ion-induced dipole
5. dipole-induced dipole
6. Dispersion (London)
ION-DIPOLE FORCES

-Occur between an ion and a polar molecule

HYDROGEN BONDS

-occur between polar molecules that contain an oxygen,

nitrogen or fluorine
HYDROGEN BONDS
-Hydrogen has no inner core electrons so it can
approach an electronegative atom very closely and
interact strongly with it.
HYDROGEN BONDS in hydrogen compounds:
increase in BP with increasing molecular weight due to
increased dispersion forces
DIPOLE-DIPOLE FORCES

-Occur between the oppositely charged poles of

polar molecules
DISPERSION FORCES

“London forces/ Van der Waals”

- Weak intermolecular forces that arise from interactive

forces between instantaneous dipoles or induced
dipoles in molecules
DISPERSION FORCES

On the average, the electrons in nonpolar molecule or

atom are distributed uniformly around the nucleus.
However, at certain instances, the electrons may be on
one side of the nucleus.

The molecule becomes temporarily dipole or

momentary dipole or instantaneous dipole.
ION-INDUCED DIPOLE

-caused by the formation of the first dipole

- ion induces a dipole in an atom or in a nonpolar
molecule by disturbing the arrangement of
electrons
DIPOLE-INDUCED DIPOLE

-caused by the formation of the first dipole

- a weak attraction that results when a polar
molecule induces a dipole in an atom or in a
nonpolar molecule by disturbing the
arrangement of electrons
The more polar the substance; the stronger the
dipole-dipole interaction
 Table 1.2 Comparison of Molecular Weights, Dipole Moments
and BP
Substance MW (amu) Dipole Moment BP (K)
(D)
Propane 44 0.1 231
Dimethyl Ether 46 1.3 248
Chloromethane 50 1.9 249

The higher the dipole moment, the stronger the

intermolecular forces that must be overcome for a
substance to boil, therefore the boiling point is high.
Polarizability: the ease with which a dipole can be induced

: increases with increased molecular mass

In large molecules, the electrons are less firmly held

are therefore easier to be polarized
The strength of induced dipoles also depends on molecular shape

Small and compact: more difficult to polarize

elongated structure: easier to polarize

Ethane or Pentane