General Chemistry 2:

Intermolecular forces
of Attraction
ENGR. ANTHONY V. ABESADO
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1St Quarter Topics

 Intermolecular Forces of Liquids and Solids

 Physical Properties of Liquid
 Thermochemistry
 Chemical Kinetics
2nd Quarter Topics

 Chemical Thermodynamics
 Chemical Equilibrium
 Acid Base Equilibrium
 Electrochemistry
Objectives

 Compare the properties of liquids and solids with those of gases;

 Apply the kinetic molecular theory to describe liquids and solids;
 Describe the various intermolecular forces and factors that affect their strengths;
 Rank substances according to strength of intermolecular forces;
What I Know Section

For 5 Mins Answer the Pretest

What’s In

 There are different phases of water (H2O);

H2O(s), H2O(g), and H2O(l). Based on the
Kinetic Molecular Theory, Explain the
difference in terms of Attraction between
atoms, Energies, Temperature and their
Motion. Write you explanation on a sheet of
paper and attached it later in the module
What’s New:
 Kinetic Molecular Theory
The changing of phase among the phases of solid, liquid
and gas of a matter can be explained through the kinetic
molecular theory of matter.
According to the kinetic molecular theory of matter states
that:
 Matter is made up of particles that are constantly
moving.
 All particles have energy, but the energy varies
depending on the temperature the sample of matter is
in. This in turn determines whether the substance exists
in the solid, liquid, or gaseous state. Molecules in the
solid phase have the least amount of energy, while gas
particles have the greatest amount of energy.
What’s New:
 The temperature of a substance is a measure of the average
kinetic energy of the particles.
 A change in phase may occur when the energy of the
particles is changed.
 There are spaces between particles of matter. The average
amount of empty space between molecules gets progressively
larger as a sample of matter moves from the solid to the
liquid and gas phases.
 There are attractive forces between atoms/molecules, and
these become stronger as the particles move closer together.
These attractive forces are called intermolecular forces.
Diffusion

 Applying the kinetic theory of matter is evident process of diffusion. Diffusion is

defined as the movement of particles from a high concentration to a low
concentration. It is the process of spreading-out of particles resulting in their even
distribution.
Intramolecular Forces of Attraction

Let’s Recall the 4 Chemical Bonding

 Ionic Bonds
 Covalent Bonds
 Metallic Bonds
 Hydrogen Bonds
Intermolecular Forces

 Intermolecular forces are attractions of molecules to

molecules while the Intramolecular forces are attractions
of atom to atom.
Types of Attractive Intermolecular
Forces
1. Dipole-dipole forces: electrostatic interactions of permanent dipoles in molecules;
includes hydrogen bonding.

2. Ion-dipole forces: electrostatic interaction involving a partially charged dipole of

one molecule and a fully charged ion.
 
3. Instantaneous dipole-induced dipole forces or London dispersion forces: forces
caused by correlated movements of the electrons in interacting molecules, which are
the weakest of intermolecular forces and are categorized as van der Waals forces.
Dipole-Dipole Attractive Forces

 Dipole-dipole interactions are electrostatic interactions between the permanent

dipoles of different molecules. These interactions align the molecules to increase
the attraction.

 An electric monopole is a single charge, while a dipole is two opposite charges

closely spaced to each other. Molecules that contain dipoles are called polar
molecules and are very abundant in nature. For example, a water molecule (H2O)
has a large permanent electric dipole moment. Its positive and negative charges
are not centered at the same point; it behaves like a few equal and opposite
charges separated by a small distance. These dipole-dipole attractions give water
many of its properties, including its high surface tension.
Uneven Distribution of Electrons

 The permanent dipole in water is caused by

oxygen ‘s tendency to draw electrons to itself (i.e.
oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen).
The 10 electrons of a water molecule are found
more regularly near the oxygen atoms nucleus,
which contains 8 protons. As a result, the oxygen
has a slight negative charge (δ-). Because oxygen
is charged negative according to the periodicity,
the electrons are found less regularly around the
nucleus of the hydrogen atoms, which each only
have one proton. As a result, hydrogen has a
slight positive charge (δ+).
Hydrogen Bonds

 Hydrogen bonds are a type of dipole-dipole interactions that occur between

hydrogen and either nitrogen, fluorine, or oxygen. Hydrogen bonds are incredibly
important in biology, because hydrogen bonds keep the DNA bases paired
together, helping DNA maintain its unique structure.
Ion Dipole Forces

 Ion-dipole and ion-induced dipole forces operate much like dipole-dipole

and induced dipole-dipole interactions. However, ion-dipole forces involve
ions instead of solely polar molecules. Ion-dipole forces are stronger than
dipole interactions because the charge of any ion is much greater than the
charge of a dipole; the strength of the ion-dipole force is proportionate to
ion charge. Ion-dipole bonding is also stronger than hydrogen bonding. An
ion-dipole force consists of an ion and a polar molecule aligning so that the
positive and negative charges are next to one another, allowing for
maximum attraction.
Ion Dipole Forces

 Ion-dipole forces are generated between polar water molecules

and a sodium ion. The oxygen atom in the water molecule has a
slight negative charge and is attracted to the positive sodium ion.
These intermolecular ion-dipole forces are much weaker than
covalent or ionic bonds.
Ion-Induced Dipole Force

 An ion-induced dipole force occurs when an ion interacts

with a non-polar molecule. Like a dipole-induced dipole
force, the charge of the ion causes a distortion of the
electron cloud in the non-polar molecule, causing a
temporary partial charge. The temporary partially charged
dipole and the ion are attracted to each other and form a
fleeting interaction.
Temporary Dipoles

 Temporary dipoles are created when electrons, which are in constant

movement around the nucleus, spontaneously come into proximity.
This uneven distribution of electrons can make one side of the atom
more negatively charged than the other, thus creating a temporary
dipole, even on a non-polar molecule. The more electrons there are
in an atom, the further away the shells are from the nucleus; thus,
the electrons can become lopsided more easily, and these forces are
stronger and more frequent. These intermolecular forces are also
sometimes called “induced dipole-induced dipole” or “momentary
dipole” forces.
London Dispersion Forces

 Although charges are usually distributed evenly between atoms in non-polar

molecules, spontaneous dipoles can still occur. When this occurs, non-polar
molecules form weak attractions with other non-polar molecules. These London
dispersion forces are often found in the halogens (e.g., F2 and I2), the noble gases
(e.g., Ne and Ar), and in other non-polar molecules, such as carbon dioxide and
methane. London dispersion forces are part of the van der Waals forces, or weak
intermolecular attractions.