INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

IN LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS

LESSON 1: KINETIC MOLECULAR MODELS OF
LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS

LESSON 2: PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS

LESSON 3: THE NATURE OF SOLIDS

 KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF LIQUIDS AND
SOLIDS
O KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY

-Explains the properties of gases by assuming that gas particles act

independently of each other.

-Due to the very weak attractive forces between them, the particles are
free to move randomly and fill their containers.

-Gases are compressible and they diffuse through one another easily.
O The particles of a liquid are close together because
of strong attractive forces between them.
O Like gas particles, liquid particles also collide with
each other and with the walls of their containers.
However, since the particles are close together,
they can move only over short distances.
O This type of movement allows liquids to flow and
take the shape of their container without filling it
completely as gases do.
O This also explains why liquids compress only very
slightly, have higher densities than gases, and
diffuse more slowly than gases.
 SOLID
The attractive forces between the particles are
stronger than those in liquids and gases. These
result in an ordered arrangement of particles in
which the particles are not free to move around.
The movement of the particles is limited to
vibrations while they remain in their fixed
positions. Thus, a solid has a fixed volume and
shape. Solids compress even less than liquids
and hardly diffuse.
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
O Bonding forces (INTRAMOLECULAR
FORCES) -within or inside
O Molecular Polarities (INTERMOLECULAR
FORCES)
- between or among
-due to electrostatic attraction between opposite
charges
 BONDING/INTRAMOLECULAR
FORCES
O Exist inside the molecule
IONIC
cations and anions
COVALENT
METALLIC – METAL AND DELOCALIZED
VALENCE ELECTRONS
O Are relatively strong bec. Their charges are
larger and closer together.
 Intermolecular forces
O Occur between neighboring molecules as a
result of partial charges or between ions and
molecules.
O are relatively weak bec. They involve smaller
charges that are farther apart.
O Van der Waals forces
- named after the Dutch scientist,
Johannes van der Waals (1837-1923)
Types of van der Waals forces
O Ion-dipole
O Dipole-dipole
O London Dispersion forces

More specific intermolecular force that affects

only certain kinds of molecules is the
hydrogen bond.
Comparison of INTRA and INTER
 ION-DIPOLE FORCES
O Results when an ion and the partial charge found
at the end of a polar molecule attract each other.
O Polar molecules are dipoles, that is, they have a
positive and negative end. Positive Ions are
attracted to the negative end of a dipole, while
the negative ions are attracted to the positive end
O are particularly important in solutions of ionic
substances, such as NaCl, in polar liquids like
water.
DIPOLE-DIPOLE FORCES
O Neutral polar molecules experience dipole-dipole
forces.
O Polar molecules attract each other when the positive
end of one molecule is near the negative end of
another.
O Is generally weaker than an ion-dipole forces.
O Strength, depends on the sizes of the dipole
moments involved.
O The more polar the substance, the stronger its
dipole-dipole interaction.
Table 1.2.
O The higher the dipole moment, the stronger the
intermolecular forces that must be overcome for a
substance to boil, and the higher the boiling point.
 LONDON DISPERSION FORCES
O Nonpolar molecules or atom
O Cl2 and Ch4, exhibit attractive forces
O Condensed to liquid and solid (low temperature)
O Origin, explained in 1930 by Fritz London (1900-
1954), a German-American physicist.
LONDON DISPERSION FORCES
O Instantaneous dipole
Temporary dipole or Momentary dipole
O Distortion of Electron clouds
-neighboring molecules becomes dipoles.
O INDUCED DIPOLES- caused by the
formation of the first dipole.
INSTANTANEOUS DIPOLE-INDUCED
DIPOLE ATTRACTION or
 Polarizability
O The ease which a dipole can be induced.
O Increases with increased molecular mass.
O Large molecules, electrons are less firmly held
and are therefore easier to be polarized.
O Boiling pt and melting pt generally increase
with molecular mass.
O Strength of instantaneous and induced dipoles
also depends on molecular shape.
O Molecules with high compact structures are
more difficult to polarize than molecules with
elongated structures.
 HYDROGEN BONDS
O Hydrogen bonds, which play an important role
in life processes, can easily be formed, broken
and reformed. This type of attraction occurs in
water, DNA molecules and proteins.
O A hydrogen bond is an attractive interaction
between a hydrogen atom bonded to an electronegative
interaction between a hydrogen tom bonded to an
electronegative F, O, or N atom and an unshared
electron pair of another nearby electronegative atom.
O For example, hydrogen bonds occur in water
(H2O), ammonia (NH3) and hydrofluoric acid
(HF)