The Kinetic Molecular Theory

of Liquids & Solids

Liquids – the molecules are so close together that
there is little empty space. Allowing for a
definite volume but taking the shape of its
container.

Solids molecules are held rigidly in a position with

virtually no freedom of motion. So that they
have a definite volume and shape.
 Major difference between gases and
condensed phases is the distance
between particles.
 Major difference between liquid and
solid is the freedom of motion.
Intermolecular Forces
(inter = between)

 These are attractive forces between molecules:

 Dispersion (London) Forces

 Dipole-Dipole Forces

 Hydrogen Bonding
1. Dispersion (London) Forces:
 The attractive forces that arise as a result of temporary
dipoles induced in atoms or molecules.

 This happens when something (cation or polar compound)

“throws off” the distribution of electrons in an atom or molecule.

 These forces can only occur in non-polar molecules.

 As molar mass (MM) increases the dispersion forces become

stronger, consequently the boiling point of non-polar molecules
tend to increase with MM.
ion-induced dipole interaction

dipole-induced dipole interaction

Induced Dipoles Interacting With Each Other
2. Dipole-Dipole Forces:
 Theseare attractive forces between polar
molecules.

The larger the dipole moment then the greater

the dipole force.

Polar molecules tend to have slightly higher

boiling and melting points than non-polar
substances of similar MM.
Orientation of Polar Molecules in a Solid
Ion-Dipole Forces

Attractive forces between an ion and a polar molecule

Ion-Dipole Interaction
3. Hydrogen Bonding:
 This a special, strong type of dipole-dipole interaction between
hydrogen and polar bond in elements nitrogen, oxygen, and
fluorine. Only between N—H, O—H, and F—H bonds have
hydrogen bonding.
These types of bonds tend to not follow the relationship
between MM and boiling points.

 *It is important to remember that the 3 intermolecular forces

mentioned above are relatively weak in comparison to the
covalent bond within a molecule.
The strengths of intermolecular forces are generally weaker
than either ionic or covalent bonds.

16 kJ/mol (to separate molecules)

 +
 - + -

431 kJ/mol (to break bond)

 If we place an ION or a POLAR MOLECULE near an atom (or
nonpolar molecule), the electron distribution of the tom or
molecule is distorted by the force exerted by the ion or polar
molecule, resulting in an INDUCED DIPOLE, because the
separation of positive and negative charges in the atom (or
nonpolar molecule) is due to the proximity of an ion or a polar
molecule. The attraction between an ion and the induced dipole
is called an ION-INDUCED DIPOLE INTERACTION. The
attraction between a polar molecule and the induced dipole is
called the DIPOLE-INDUCED DIPOLE INTERACTION.
Example

 What types of intermolecular forces exist between the

following pairs:
a. Hydrogen bromide and hydrogen sulfide
b. Diatomic chlorine and carbon tetrabromide
c. Diatomic iodine and the nitrate ion
d. ammonia and benzene
ANSWERS

A. HBr and H2S are both polar molecules

The intermolecular force present is dipole-dipole force

B. Cl2 is non polar CBr4 is also non polar

The intermolecular force present is dispersion force

C. I2 is non polar NO3 is also non polar

The intermolecular force present is ion induced dipole force
and dispersion force
D. NH3 is polar and C6H6 is nonpolar, so the forces are dipole-
induced dipole forces and dispersion forces.