OTTO CYCLE

1.) The efficiency of an Otto cycle is 60% and γ =1.5 . What is the compression ratio?
Solution:

Efficiency of Otto cycle, η=60 %

Ratio of specific heat γ =1.5

Compression ratio, r ¿?
Efficiency of Otto cycle is given by,
1
η otto = 1− γ −1
( r)
1
0.6 = 1−
( r)1.5 −1
r = 6.25
2.) An engine of 250 mm bore and 375 mm stroke works on Otto cycle. The clearance volume is
0.00263 m 3. The initial pressure and temperature are 1 bar and 50 ℃ . If the maximum pressure is
limited to 25 bar, find the following:
a.) The air standard efficiency of the cycle.
b.) The mean effective pressure for the cycle.
Assume the ideal conditions.
Solution:
D = 250 mm = 0.25m
L = 375 mm = 0.375m
Vc = 0.00263 m3
P1 = 1 bar
T1 = 50+273 = 323 K
Maximum pressure, P3 = 25 bar
π 2 π
Swept volume, Vs = D L= ( 0.25 2 ) ( 0.375 )=0.0184 m 3
4 4
Vs+Vc 0.0184+ 0.00263
Compression ratio, r= = =8
Vc 0.00263
a.) Air standard efficiency:
The air standard efficiency of Otto cycle is given by
1 1 1
η otto = 1− γ −1
=1− 1.4−1 =1− 0.4
(r ) ( 8) (8)
η otto = 1- 0.435 = 0.565 = 56.5%
b.) Mean effective pressure, Pm:
For adiabatic (or isentropic) process 1-2

P1 V γ1=P2 V 2γ
 V2 γ
P2=P1
V1 ( )
=1 x(r)1.4 =1 x(8)1.4 =18.38 ¯¿

P3 25
Pressure ratio, r p= = =1.36
P2 18.38
The mean effective pressure is given by

P1 r [ (r γ−1−1)(r p−1) ] 1 x 8 [ (8 ¿¿¿ 1.4−1−1)(1.36−1) ]

Pm = =
(γ −1)(r −1) (1.4−1)(8−1)
8 (2.297−1)(0.36)
Pm = =1.334 ¯¿
0.4 x 7
3.) The minimum pressure and temperature in an Otto cycle are 100 kPa and 27 ℃ . The amount
of heat added to the air per cycle is 1500 kJ/kg.
a.) Determine the and temperature at all points of the standard Otto cycle.
b.) Also calculate the specific work and thermal efficiency of the cycle for a compression
ratio of 8:1.

Take for air: cv = 0.72 kJ/kg, and γ =1.4

Solution:
P1 = 100 kPa = 105 N/m2 or 1 bar;
T1 = 27+273 = 300K; Heat added = 1500 kJ/kg;

r = 8:1; cv = 0.72 kJ/kg ; γ =1.4

Consider 1 kg of air.
a.) Pressures and temperature at all points:
Adiabatic compression process 1-2:
γ−1
T2 V 2
=
T1 V 1 ( ) =(r )γ−1=(8)1.4−1=2.297

T 2=300 x 2.297=689.1 K ( Ans .)

Also;

P1 V 1γ=P2 V 2γ or;

P2 V 1 γ
=
P1 V 2 ( )
=(8)1.4 =18.379

¯ .)
P2=1 x 18.379=18.379 (Ans
Constant volume process 2-3:
Heat added during the process,

c v ( T 3 −T 2 ) =1500

0.72 ( T 3 −689.1 )=1500

 1500
T 3= +689.1=2772.4 K ( Ans .)
0.72
P 2 P3 P 2 T 3 18.379 x 2772.4
Also, = → P3= = =73.94 .̄ ( Ans .)
T2 T 3 T2 689.1
Adiabatic Expansion process 3-4:
γ−1
T3 V 4
=
T4 V 3 ( ) =r γ −1=(8)1.4 −1=2.297

T3 2772.4
T 4= = =1206.9 K ( Ans .)
2.297 2.297

V3 γ 1 1.4
γ
Also, P3 V 3 =P4 V 4 → P4 =P3 x
γ
V4
=73.94 x
8 ( ) () ¯ .)
=4.023 ( Ans

b.) Specific work and thermal efficiency:

Specific work = Heat added – heat rejected

¿ c v ( T 2 −T 3 ) −c v ( T 4 −T 1) =c v [ ( T 3−T 2) −(T 4 −T 1 ) ]

kJ
¿ 0.72 [ ( 2772.4−689.1 )−(12.609−300) ]=847 (Ans .)
kg .

1
Therma efficiency, nth =1− γ −1
(r )

1
¿ 1− 1.4 −1
=0.5647∨56.4 % ( Ans .)
(8)
4.) An air standard Otto cycle has a volumetric compression ratio of 6, the lowest cycle pressure
of 0.1 MPa and operates temperature limits of 27 ℃∧1569 ℃ . Calculate the temperature and
pressure after the isentropic expansion (ratio of specific heats = 1.4).

Solution:
V1 V4
= =r=6 ; P1=0.1 MPa=1 ¯; T 1=27+273=300 K
V2 V3
T 3=1569+273=1842 K ; γ =1.4
a.) Temperature and pressure after the isentropic expansion, T 4 , P4 : Consider 1 kg of air:
For the compression process 1-2:

V1 γ
P1 V 1γ=P2 V 2γ → P2=P1 x ( )
V2
=1 x(6)1.4=12.3 ¯¿

γ−1
T2 V 1
Also, =
T1 V 2 ( ) =(6)1.4−1=2.048
 T 2=300 x 2.048=614.4 K
For the constant volume process 2-3:
P 2 P3 P2T 3 1842
= → P 3= =12.3 x =36.9 ¯¿
T2 T 3 T2 614.4
For the expansion process 3-4:
γ−1
T3 V 4
=
T4 V 3 ( ) =(6)1.4−1=2.048

T3 1842
T 4= = =900 K ( Ans .)
2.048 2.048
γ
V
Also, P4 V 3 → P4 V 4 =P 4 x 3
γ γ
V4 ( )
1.4
1
P4 =36.9 x ()6
=3 .̄ ( Ans .)

5.) A certain quantity of air at a pressure of 1 bar and temperature of 70 ℃ is compressed

adiabatically until the pressure is 7 bar in Otto Cycle engine, 465 kJ of heat per kg of air is now
added at constant volume. Determine:
a.) Compression ratio of engine.
b.) Temperature at the end of compression.
c.) Temperature at the end of heat addition.
kJ kJ
Take for air cp = 1.0 cp¿ 0.706
kg K kg K
Solution
Initial pressure P1 = 1 bar
Initial Temperature T1 = 70+273 = 343 K
Pressure after adiabatic compression, P2 = 7 bar
Heat addition at constant volume, Qs = 465 kJ/kg of air
Specific heat at constant pressure, cp = 1.0 kJ/kg K
Specific heat at constant volume, cv = 0.706 kJ/kg K
cp 1.0
γ= = =1.41
c v 0.706
a.) Compression ratio of engine, r:
According to adiabatic compression 1-2

P1 V 1γ=P2 V 2γ
 V 1 γ P2
( )
V2
=
P1

P2
(r )γ =
P1

P2 γ 7 1
r= ( )()
P1
=
1
1.41
=(7)0.709=3.97

Hence compression ratio of the engine = 3.97 (Ans.)

b.) Temperature at the end of compression, T2:
In case of adiabatic compression 1-2,
γ−1
T2 V 1
=
T1 V 2 ( ) =(3.97)1.41−1 =1.76

T 2=1.76 T 1=1.76 x 343=603.7 K ∨330 ℃

Hence temperature at the end of compression = 989.3℃ (Ans.)

c.) Temperature at the end of heat addition, T3:
According to constant volume heating operation 2-3

Qs =c v ( T 3−T 2 )=465

0.76 ( T 3−T 2 )=465

465
T 3−603.7=
0.706
465
T 3= + 603.7=1262.3 K∨989℃
0.706
Hence temperature at the end of heat addition = 989.3℃ (Ans.)

6.) In a constant volume Otto Cycle, the pressure at the end of compression is 15 times that at the
start, the temperature of the air at the beginning of compression is 38 ℃ and maximum
temperature attained in the cycle is 1950 ℃ . Determine:

a.) Compression ratio.

b.) Thermal efficiency of the cycle.
c.) Work done.
Take γ for air = 1.4

Initial Temperature = T 1=38+273=311 K

Maximum Temperature, T 3=1950+273=2223 K

Solution:
a.) Compression ratio, r:
For adiabatic compression 1-2,
 P1 V 1γ=P2 V 2γ

V 1 γ P2
( ) V2
=
P1

P2
But =15
P1

r γ =15

r 1.4 =15
1
r =(15) 1.4 =(15)0.714=6.9
Hence compression ratio = 6.9 (Ans.)
b.) Thermal efficiency,
1 1
nth =1− γ−1
=1− =0.538∨53.8 %( Ans .)
(r ) ( 6.9 )1.4−1
c.) Work done:
Again, for adiabatic compression 1-2,
γ−1
T2 V 1
=
T1 V 2 ( ) =( r )γ−1=( 6.9 )1.4 −1=6.90.4 =2.16

T 2=T 1 x 2.16=311 x 2.16=671.7 K∨398.7 ℃

For adiabatic expansion process 3-4,
γ−1
T3 V 4
=
T4 V 3 ( ) =(r )γ −1 =(6.9)0.4 =2.16

T 3 2223
T 4= = =1029 K∨756 ℃
2.16 2.16
Heat supplied per kg of air

¿ c v ( T 3 −T 2 ) =0.717 ( 2223−671.7 )

kJ
¿ 1112.3 of air
kg
R 0.287
[ cv= =
γ−1 1.4−1 ]
kJ
¿ 0.717
kg . K
Heat rejected per kg of air

¿ c v ( T 4−T 1 ) v=0.717 ( 1029−311 )

kJ
¿ 514.8 of air
kg
 Work done per kg of air = Heat supplied – heat rejected
¿ 1112.3−514.8
¿ 597.5 kJ ∨597500 N −m( Ans .)
7.) An engine working on Otto cycle has a volume of 0.45 m 3, pressure 1 bar and temperature
30 ℃ at the beginning of compression stroke. At the end of compression stroke, the pressure is
11 bar. 210 kJ of heat is added at constant volume. Determine:
a.) Pressures, temperatures and volumes at salient points in the cycle.
b.) Percentage clearance
c.) Efficiency
d.) Net-work per cycle
e.) Mean effective pressure
f.) Ideal power developed by the engine if the number of working cycles per minute is
210.
Assume the cycle is reversible.
Solution:

Volume, V1= 0.45 m 3

Initial Pressure, P1=1 ¯¿

Initial Temperature, T 1=30+273=303 K

Pressure at the end of compression stroke, P2=11 ¯¿

Heat added at constant volume ¿ 210 kJ

Number of working cycles/min ¿ 210
a.) Pressures, temperatures and volumes at salient points:
For adiabatic compression 1-2

P1 V 1γ=P2 V 2γ

P2 V 1 γ P2 1γ 11 1
=
P1 V 2 ( ) γ
=(r) ∨r =
P1
=
1( ) ( ) 1.4
=5.5

γ−1
T2 V 1
=
T1 V 2 ( ) =(r )−1=( 5.5)1.4 −1=1.977=1.98

T 2=T 1 x 1.98=303 x 1.98=600 K .( Ans .)

Applying gas laws to points 1 and 2
P1V 1 P2V 2
=
T1 T2
T 2 P1 600 x 1 x 0.45 3
V 2= x x V 1= =0.081 m .( Ans .)
T 1 P2 303 x 11
 The heat supplied during the process 2-3 is given by:

Qa=mc v (T 3−T 2)
P1 V 1 1 x 105 x 0.45
m= = =0.517 kg
RT 1 287 x 303

210=0.517 x 0.71(T 3−600)

210
T 3= + 600=1172 K .( Ans .)
0.517 x 0.71
For the constant volume process 2-3
P 3 P2
=
T3 T 2
T3 1172
P 3= x P 2= x 11=21.48 .̄ ( Ans .)
T2 600

V 3=V 2=0.081 m3 .( Ans .)

For adiabatic (or isentropic) process 3-4

P3 V 3γ =P4 V 4γ

V3 γ 1 γ
P4 =P3 x
V4 ( )
=P3 x
r ()
1.4
1
¿ 21.48 x ( )
5.5
=1.97 .̄ ( Ans .)

γ−1 γ −1 1.4 −1
T4 V 3 1 1
t3
= ( ) () ( )
V4
=
r
=
5.5
=0.505

T 4=0.505T 3=0.505 x 1172=591.8 k .( Ans .)

V 4 =V 1=0.45 m 3 .9 ( Ans .)
b.) Percentage clearance:
Vc V2 0.081
¿ = x 100= x 100
V s V 1−V 2 0.45−0.081

¿ 21.95 % .( Ans .)
c.) Efficiency:
The heat rejected per cycle is given by

Qr =mc p (T 4 −T 1 )

¿ 0.517 x 0.71 ( 591.8−303 )=106 kJ

The air-standard efficiency of the cycle is given by
Qs−Qr 210−106
n otto= = =0.495∨49.5 % . (Ans .)
Qs 210

d.) Mean effective pressure, Pm:

 The mean effective pressure is given by

W (work done) Q −Qr

Pm = = s
V s (swept volume) (V 1−V 2 )

(210 x 106 ) x 103

¿ =2.818 .̄ ( Ans .)
( 0.45 x 0.081 ) x 105
e.) Power developed, P:

P=Work done per second

¿ Work done per cycle x number of cycles per second

¿ ( 210−106 ) x ( 210
60 )
=364 kW .( Ans .)

8.) (a) show that the compression ratio for the maximum work to be done per kg of air in an Otto
Cycle between upper and lower limits of absolute temperatures T 3 and T1 is giver by
1
T3 (γ−1)
r= ( )
T1
2

(b) Determine the air-standard efficiency of the cycle when the cycle develops maximum work
with the temperature limits of 310 K and 1220 K and working fluid is air. What will be the
percentage change in efficiency if helium is used as working fluid instead of air? The cycle
operates between the same temperature limits for maximum work development.
Consider that all conditions are ideal.
Solution:
a.) The work done per kg of fluid in the cycle is giver by

W =Q s−Q r=c v ( T 3−T 2) −c v (T 4 −T 1 )

γ−1
T2 V 1
=
T1 V 2 ( ) =(r )γ−1

T 2=T 1 x (r )γ−1

T 3=T 4 x(r)γ −1

T3
[
W =c v T 3 −T 1 x(r)
γ−1
−
(r )γ −1
+T 1
]
This expression is a function of r when T3 and T1 are fixed. The value of W will be
maximum when,
dW
=0
dr
dW
=−T 1 x ( γ −1)¿
dr
T 3¿

T3 2 (γ−1)
=(r)
T1
 1
T (γ−1)
r= 3
T1( ) 2
…. Proved.

b.) Change in efficiency:

For air γ =1.4

1 1
T3 ( 1.4−1)
1220
r= ( )
T1
2
= ( 310 ) 0.8
=5.54

The air-standard efficiency is given by

1 1
n otto=1− γ −1
=1− =0.495∨49.5 % . (Ans .)
(r ) ( 5.54 )1.4 −1
If helium is used, then the values of
kJ kJ
c p=5.22 ∧c v =3.13
kg . K kg . K
c p 5.22
γ= = =1.67
c v 3.13
The compression ratio for maximum work for the temperature limits T 1 and T3 is given by
1/2 (γ−1) 1 /2 (1.67−1)
T3 1220
r=
( )
T1
= ( 310 ) =2.77

The air-standard efficiency is given by

1 1
n otto=1− γ −1
=1− =0.495∨49.5 % .
(r ) 2.771.67−1
Hence change in efficiency is nil. (Ans.)
9.) Calculate the ideal air standard cycle efficiency based on the Otto cycle for a gas engine with
a cylinder bore of 50mm, a stroke of 75 mm and a clearance volume of 21.3 cm 3.

Solution:
The volume displaced by the piston is
π
Swept volume = x 502 x 75=147,200mm 3=147.2 cm3
4
Therefore,

Total cylinder volume = 147.2 + 21.3 = 168.5 cm3

The compression ratio is

168.5
r= =7.914 :1
21.3
The efficiency for the Otto cycle is given as
 1
n otto=1− k−1
r
1
¿ 1− =1−0.437=0.563
7.9141.4 −1
n otto=56.3 % ( Ans .)
10.) An Otto cycle having a compression ratio of 9:1 uses air as the working fluid. Initially
P1=95 kPa, T 1=17 ℃ ,∧V 1=3.8 liters . During the heat addition process, 7.5 kJ of
heat are added. Determine all Ts, Ps, nth, the back-work ratio and the mean effective
pressure.

Solution:
T 1=290 K

V1
=9
V2
Q2−3=7.5 kJ

P1=95 kPa

V 1=3.8 Litres
Process 1-2: (isentropic compression)
γ−1
T2 V 1
=
T1 V 2 ( ) → T 2=290 ¿

γ −1
P2 V 1
=
P1 V 2 ( ) → P2 =95 ¿

Process 2-3(constant volume heat addition)

Q 2−3=m c v (T 3−T 2 )

0.2871(290) m3
P1 V 1=RT 1 → V 1= =0.875
95 kg
Q¿ v kJ
q 2−3= → Q¿ 1 =1727
m V1 kg

q 2−3=C v ( T 3−T 2 )

¿ 0.718 ( T 3−698.4 )

T 3=3103.7 K

But: V 3=V 2
 P 3 P2
=
T3 T 2
P3=9.15 MPa
Process 3-4(isentropic expansion)
γ−1 0.4
T4 V 3 1
=
T3 V 4( ) →T 4 =T 3 ()
9
=1288.8 K

γ −1 1.4
P4 V 3 1
=
P3 V 4( ) → P 4=P3 ()
9
=422 kPa

Process 4-1(Constant volume heat rejection)

Q 4 −1 =mC v ( T 4 −T 1)

q 4−1=C v (T 4−T 1 )

¿ 0.718 ( 1288.8−290 )
kJ
¿ 717.1
kg

Then,

W net =q ¿ −qout

¿ q 2−3 −q 4−1

kJ
¿ 1009.6
kg
W net
n otto= =0.585∨58.5 %
q¿
W net wnet
MEP= =
V max −v min v max −v min
wnet W net
¿ =
v 1−v 2 v2
V 1 (1− )
v1
W net 1009.6
¿ = =1298 kPa
1 1
v 1 (1− ) 0.875(1− )
r 90