1.

A 650 Bhp diesel engine uses fuel oil of 28°API gravity, fuel consumption The theoretical volume required:
is 0.65 lb/Bhp – hr. Cost of fuel is P 7.95 per liter. For continuous operation, mRT
determine the minimum volume of the cubical day tank in cm3, ambient V=
P
temperature is 45°C.
Solving for m:
141.5 141.5 F O
SGat 15.6°C = = =0.887147 m= ( ) = 11.5C+34.5 (H- ) +4.3S
131.5+°API 131.5+28 A t 8

SGat 45°C =SGat 15.6°C [1-0.0007(t2 -t1 )] F .1861

( ) = 11.5(.6565)+34.5 (.0587- ) +4.3(.0151)
SGat 45°C =SGat 15.6°C [1-0.0007(45-15.6)] A t 8
SGat 45°C =0.86889
kgair
m=8.84
kgfuel
ρat 45°C =SGat 45°C ρwater =0.86889(1 kg⁄L)=0.86889 kg⁄L
Then:
mf
BPsfc =
BP kgair kJ
mf =650 Bhp(0.65 lb⁄Bhp-hr) (8.84 ) (.287 ) (20+273)K
kgfuel kg-K
mf =422.5 lb⁄hr V=
100 kPa

mf m3 air
ρat 45°C = V=7.43
Vat 45°C kg coal
lb 1 kg
422.5 hr (2.205 lb) L 3. Calculate the minimum volume of day tank of 28° API fuel having a fuel
Vat 45°C = =220.5227
0.86889 kg⁄L hr consumption of 1kg/s.
m
L 1 m3 100 cm 3 24 hr V=
Volume of day tank=220.5227 ( )( ) ( ) Density
hr 1000 L 1m day
Volume of day tank=5,292,544.8 cm3 ⁄day Solving for density:

141.5 141.5
SGat 15.6°C = = =0.887
2. It is required to find the theoretical volume of air at 20°C and 100kPa 131.5+°API 131.5+28
absolute pressure to burn one kilogram of Franklin County coal. The ultimate
analysis of coal as fixed is as follows. Then:
C = 65.65 % O = 18.61 % Mois = 3 % kg
1 s 3600s 24hr
H = 5.87 % S = 1.51 % S = 1.51% V= ( )( )
kg hr day
0.887 (1000 3 )
m
Solution: V =97.41m3
4. Calculate the higher heating value of liquid dodecane fuel. The chemical Theoretical weight of air:
formula for DOdecane is 𝐶12 𝐻26.
F O
( ) = 11.5C+34.5 (H- ) +4.3S
Qs =13,500C+60,890H Btu/lb A t 8

Where: F .07
( ) = 11.5(.715)+34.5 (.05- ) +4.3(.36)
A t 8
Weight of Carbon
%C= (100) 𝑭
Weight of Fuel ( ) = 𝟗. 𝟑𝟎𝒌𝒈𝒂𝒊𝒓 /𝒌𝒈𝒇𝒖𝒆𝒍
𝑨 𝒕
12(12) 6. There are 20 kg of flue gasses formed per kg of fuel oil burned in the
%C= (100)
12(12)+1(26) combustion of a fuel oil C12H26. What is the excess air in percent?

A. 26.67% C. 12.34%
%C=84.6
B. 18.34% D. 20.45%
Weight of Hydrogen
(100) SOLUTION:
%H=
Weight of Fuel
C12H24 + 18.5O2 + 18.5(3.76) N2 12CO2 + 13H2O +
12(26) 18.5(3.76) N2
%H= (100)
12(12)+1(26) 18.5+ 3.76(18.5)
Theo. A/F =
1
%H=15.29%
Theo. A/F = 88.06 mol/mol
Then:
88.06 (28.97)
Qs =13,500(.8461)+60,890(.1529) Btu/lb Theo. A/F in kg/kg =
12(12) + 26(1)
Qs =48,225.04 Btu/lb Theo. A/F in kg/kg = 15 kg air/ kg fuel
5. A bituminous coal has the following compositions: Mass of air = 20 kg flue gas – 1 kg fuel gas
C = 71.5 % O = 7.0 % S = 36 % W = 3.4 % Mass of air = 19 kg air
H = 5.0 % N = 1.3 % Ash = 8.2 %
Actual A/F = 19 kg air / kg fuel
Calculate for the complete combustion the theoretical weight of air
required in 𝑘𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑟 /𝑘𝑔𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 Actual A /F = Theo. A/F (1 + e)
 19 = 15(1 + e) 7.108C + 7.05H2 + 0.016S + 0.004N2 + 1.25(10.649)O2 +
1.25(10.649)(3.76)N2→ 7.108CO2 + 7.05H2O + 0.016SO2 + 50.054N2 +
e = 0.2667 0.25(10.469)O2

e = 26.67% mT = total mols in product

mT = 7.108 + 7.05 + 0.016 + 50.054 + 2.662
7. A bituminous coal has the following compositions: mT = 66.89 mols
Partial pressure of H2O = (7.05/66.89)(170)
C = 71.5% H = 5.0% O = 7.0% N = 1.3% Partial pressure of H2O = 17.92 kPa
S = 3.6% Ash = 8.2 % W = 3.4%
9. A circular fuel tank 45 feet long and 5.5 feet diameter is used for oil
Determine the theoretical weight of Oxygen in lb/lb of coal
storage. Calculate the number of days the supply tank can hold for
continuous operation at the following conditions:
Theo. A/F = 11.5C + 34.5(H-O/8) + 4.3S
Steam flow = 2000 lbs/hr
Theo. A/F = 11.5(0.715) + 34.5(0.05-0.07/8) + 4.3(0.036) Steam dry and saturated at 200 psia
Feedwater temperature = 230˚F
Theo. A/F = 9.8 lb air/ lb coal Boiler efficiency = 75%
Fuel oil = 34˚API
O2 in air by weight = 23.2%

Therefore: From steam tables:

Theoretical weight of O2 = 0.232(9.8) At 200 psi (1.380 Mpa), hs = 2789.6 kJ/kg

At 230˚F(110˚C), hf = 461.3 kJ/kg
Theoretical weight of O2 = 2.274 lb/ lb coal
h = 41,130 + 139.6(34)
8. A steam generator burns fuel oil that has the following chemical analysis h = 45,876 kJ/kg
by mass in percent: ms = 2000/2.205
C = 85.3H2 = 14.1 S = 0.5 N2 = 0.1 ms = 907 kg/hr

Converting the given mass analysis to molal analysis: ms (hs -hf )

ηb =
m f Qh
C 85.3/12 = 7.108 907(2789.6-461.3)
H2 14.1/2 = 7.050 0.75=
mf (45,876)
S 0.5/32 = 0.016
mf = 61.376 kg/hr
N2 0.1/28 = 0.004
141.5
SG@15.6C̊ =
Combustion reaction with 125%theoretical air: 131.5+34
SG@15.6C̊ =0.855
 1000kg O
Density=0.855 ( ) Qh =33, 820C+144,212 (H- ) +9,340S
m3 8
Density=0.855kg/m3 0.035
Qh =33, 820(0.69)+144,212 (0.025- ) +9,340(0.07)
8
π 5.5 2 45 Qh =26,961.45 kJ/kg
Volume of tank= ( ) ( )
4 .281 3.281
Volume of tank=30.297m3
12. A diesel power plant uses fuel that has a density of 892.74 kg/m3 at
Total weit of fuel=30.297m3 x855kg/m3 15.67 ˚C. Find the heating values of fuel.
Total weit of fuel=25,904 kg
25,904 Density of fuel
Number of days= SG=
61.376(24) Density of water
Number of days=17.58 days 892.74
SG=
1000
SG=0.89274
10. Determine the minimum volume of day tank in m3 of 28˚API fuel having
141.5
a fuel consumption of 200 kg/hr. ÅPI= -131.5
0.89274
141.5 ÅPI=27
SG@15.6C̊ =
131.5+ÅPI Q=41,130+139.6ÅPI
SG@15.6C̊ =0.887
Q=41,130+139.6(27)
Density of fuel = 0.887(1000) Q=44, 899.31 kJ/kg
Density of fuel = 887 kg/m3 13. A boiler burns fuel oil with 15% excess air. The fuel may be represented
m
w= by C14H30. Calculate the molal air fuel ratio.
V
200
887= Fuel+Air→ Product of Combustion
V
0.22548m3 24 hrs C14 H20 +O2 +3.76N2 →CO2 +H2 O+ 3.76N2
V= x
hr day
C14 H20 +21.5O2 +21.5(3.76)N2 → 14CO2 + 15H2 O+ 21.5(3.76)N2
V=5.41m3
A 21.5+21.5(3.76)
Theoretical =
F 1
11. A certain coal has the following ultimate analysis: A
C = 69% N2 = 5% Theoretical =102.34
F
H2 = 2.5% S = 7% Moisture = 8%
A
O2 = 3.5% Ash = 5% Actual = 102.34(1.15)
Determine the heating value of fuel used. F
 A mol air 𝑘𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑟
Actual =117.69 Actual A/F = 20 kg flue gases – 1 kg fuel = 19 𝑘𝑔𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
F mol fuel
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐴/𝐹−𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐴/𝐹
% Excess air = 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐴/𝐹
× 100

14. A diesel power plant consumes 650L of fuel at 26˚C in 24 hours with 28˚ 19−15
API. Find the fuel rate in kg/hr. = × 100
15

141.5 = 26.67%
SG@15.6C̊ =
131.5+ÅPI
141.5 16. A fuel has the following volumetric analysis:
SG@15.6C̊ =
131.5+28
CH4 = 68% C2H6 = 32%
SG@15.6C̊ =0.887
Assume complete combustion with 15% excess air at 101.325 kPa, 21℃ wet
SG@15.6C̊ =0.887[1-0.0007(26-15.6)]
bulb and 27℃ dry bulb. What is the partial pressure of the water vapour in
SG@15.6C̊ =0.88 kPa?

Density of fuel= 0.88(1 kg/L) Combustion reaction with theoretical air:

Density of fuel= 0.88kg/L
CH4 + 0.32 C2H6 + 2.48 O2 + 2.48 (3.76) N2➔ 1.32 CO2 + 2.32 H2O + 2.48
𝑚 (3.76) N2
𝑤=
𝑉
Combustion reaction with 15% excess air:
V = 650/24
V = 27.0833 L/hr CH4 + 0.32 C2H6 + 1.15 (2.48) O2 + 1.15 (2.48) (3.76) N2
0.88 = m/27.0833 ➔ CO2 + 2.32 H2O + 1.15 (2.48) (3.76) N2+ 0.15 (2.48) O2
m = 23.83 kg/hr
Total mols in products of combustion:

= 1.32 + 2.32 + 10.723 + 0.372

15. There are 20 kg of flue gases formed per kg fuel oil burned in the
combustion of a fuel oil C12H26. What is the excess air in percent? = 14.735 mols

Solving for the theoretical air-fuel ratio: Partial Pressure of water vapour, Pw =
𝑉𝑤
(𝑃)
𝑉
C12H26+18.5 O2+18.5 (3.76) N2 = 12 CO2+13 H2O+18.5 (3.76) N2 2.32
= 14.735 (101.325) = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟗𝟓 𝒌𝑷𝒂
18.5+18.5(3.76) 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑠𝑎𝑖𝑟
Theo A/F = 1
= 88.06 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
17. A diesel electric plant supplies energy for Meralco. During a 24-hour
88.06(28.97) 𝑘𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑟 period, the plant consumed 200 gallons of fuel at 28℃ and produced 3930
= 12(12)+26(1) = 15 𝑘𝑔𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
kw-hr. Industrial fuel fuel used 28°API and was purchased at P5.50 per liter
at 15.6℃. What should be the cost of fuel to produce one kw-hr?
𝑂
Theo A/F = 11.5 C + 34.5 (𝐻 − 8 ) + 4.3 S
Solving for density at 15.6℃:
0.08
141.5 = 11.5 (0.74) + 34.5 (0.006 − 8
)+ 4.3 (0.01)
°API = − 131.5
𝑆𝐺15.6
= 10.278 kg air per kg coal
141.5
28 = 𝑆𝐺15.6
− 131.5
N2 in product = 100 – 12 – 0.1 – 6.5 = 81.4% by volume
SG15.6 = 0.887
Total kg in products = 0.12 (44) + 0.001 (28) + 0.065 (32) + 0.814 (28)
Density at 15.6℃ = 0.887 (1) = 0.887 kg/li = 5.28 + 0.028 + 2.08 + 22.792
= 30.18
Solving for density at 28℃:
𝑘𝑔 𝑁2 22.792
= = 0.7552
SGt = SG15.6 [ 1 – 0.0007 (t – 15.6) ] 𝑘𝑔 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑 30.18

SG28℃= 0.887 [ 1 – 0.0007 (28 – 15.6) ] = 0.879 𝐶 𝑏𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑑

𝑘𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑙
= 0.74 – 0.008 = 0.732
Density at 28℃ = 0.879 (1) = 0.879 kg/li
5.28 0.028
C in prod = 30.18 (3.76) + 30.18(2.33) = 0.0481 𝑘𝑔
𝑃5.50
Price per kg = 0.887
= 𝑃6.20 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑔
Note: 1 kg C + 2.67 kg O2 = 3.67 CO2
Cost per kw-hr 1 kg C + 1.33 kg O2 = 2.33 kg CO
200𝑔𝑎𝑙 3.7854𝑙𝑖 0.879𝑘𝑔 𝑃6.20 𝑘𝑔 𝑔𝑎𝑠 1
= 3930𝑘𝑤−ℎ𝑟 × 𝑔𝑎𝑙
× 𝑙𝑖
× 𝑘𝑔 = ₱1.05 per kw-hr = 0.732 × 0.0481 = 15.218
𝑘𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑙

18. The following is an analysis of coal in percent: 𝑁2 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑

𝑘𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑙
= 15.218 (0.7552) = 11.493
C = 74 O2 = 8 S=1
𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 11.493
𝑘𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑑
= 0.768
= 14.965
H2 = 6 N2 = 1.6 Ash = 9.4
Note: N2 is 76.8% by weight in air
If burned in a boiler, the coal produces the following Orsat analysis in
percent: 14.965−10.278
Percentage of Excess Air = 10.278
= 𝟒𝟓. 𝟔%
CO2 = 12 CO = 0.1 O2 = 6.5
19. A steam generator burns fuel oil that has the following chemical analysis
The refuse contains 0.008 kg of carbon per kg of coal burned. Determine the by mass in percent:
percentage excess air used.
 C = 85.3 H2 = 14.1 S = 0.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑠 𝑎𝑖𝑟
= 132.09 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
N2 = 0.1
132.09(28.97) 𝑘𝑔 𝑎𝑖𝑟
Combustion takes place in 125 percent in theoretical air. The flue gases = 12(12)+26(1) = 22.51 𝑘𝑔 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
leave the air pre-heater at 0.17 Mpa. What is the partial pressure of the
𝑘𝑔 𝑎𝑖𝑟
stack gases to avoid condensation in kPa? Take molecular weight of the flue Amount of wet products = 22.51 + 1 = 23.51
𝑘𝑔 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
gases as 28.8.
= 23.51 (45) = 1058 kg/min
Converting the given mass analysis to molal analysis:
Solving for the gas constant of the wet products:
Component Mass Analysis Molal Analysis
C 85.3 85.3/12 = 7.108 Components No. of Mols No. of kg
H2 14.1 14.1/2 = 7.050 CO2 12 12 × 44 = 528.00
S 0.5 0.5/32 = 0.016 H2O 13 13 × 18 = 234.00
N2 0.1 0.1/28 = 0.004 N2 104.34 104.34 × 28 = 2,921.52
14.178 O2 9.25 9.25 × 32 = 296.00
Combustion reaction with 125% theoretical air: 3,979.52
3,979.52
M= 138.59
= 28.71
7.208 C + 7.050 H2 + 0.016 S + 0.004 N2 + 1.25 (10.649) O2 + 1.25 (10.649)
(3.76) N2 -> 7.108 CO2 + 7.050 H2O + 0.016 SO2 + 50.054 N2 + 0.25 (10.649) 8.3143
R= 28.71
= 0.2896
O2
Total mols in products = 7.108 + 7.050 + 0.016 + 50.054 + 2.662 Solving for the volume flow of the wet products:

= 66.89 mols PV = mRT ; 102 V = 1058 (0.2896) (350 + 273) ; V = 1,871 m3/min
7.050
Partial Pressure (H2O) = (66.890) × 170 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟗𝟐 𝒌𝑷𝒂 21. Methyl alcohol (CH3OH) is burned with 20% excess air. How much
unburned oxygen in kg-mol-oxygen/kg-mol-fuel will there be in the products
20. A fuel oil is burned with 50% excess air. What is the volume rate of flow if the combustion is complete?
in m3/min of the wet products at a pressure of 102 kPa and a temperature
Combustion Reaction with Theoretical Air:
of 350℃ when the fuel is burned at the rate of 45 kg/min? Assume that the
combustion requirements of the fuel oil are similar to those of C12H26. CH3OH + (1.5) O2 + 1.5 (3.76) N2-> CO2 + 2 H2O + (1.5) (3.76) N2
Combustion reaction with 50% excess air: Combustion Reaction with 20% Excess Air:
C12H26 + 1.50 (18.5) O2 + 1.50 (18.5) (3.76) N2➔ 12 CO2 + 13 H2O + 1.50 CH3OH + (1.5) (1.2) O2 + 1.5 (1.2) (3.76) N2➔ CO2 + 2 H2O + (1.5) (1.2) (3.76)
(18.5) (3.76) N2 + 0.50 (18.5) O2 N2 + (0.20) (1.5) O2
𝐴𝑖𝑟 1.5 (18.5)+1.50 ( 18.5)(3.76)
𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙
= 1
MO2 = 0.20 (1.5) = 0.30 kgmol O2/kgmol fuel
22. What is the specific gravity of an oil which has a Baume reading of 28 (Note: N2 is 76.8% by weight in air)
degrees?
15.69−10.278
Percent excess air = 10.278
= 𝟒𝟔. 𝟔𝟏%
140
°Baume = − 130
𝑆𝐺

140
28 = 𝑆𝐺
− 130

SG = 0.886

23. A test run using this coal showed a dry products of combustion analysis
by volume of nitrogen equals 82.5%, molecular weight of 30 kg flue gas per
mol dry flue gas, and the weight of this dry flue gas is 15.03 kg per kg of
coal. The actual ash-pit sample was 0.15 kg per kg of coal, of which 20% was
carbon. What is the percentage excess air supplied to the fuel combustion in
percent?

Consider an ultimate analysis the same as that given in Bd. Exam April 1995,
as follows:

C = 74% O2 = 8% S = 1%

H2 = 6% N2 = 1.6% Ash = 9.4%

𝑂
Theo A/F = 11.5𝐶 + 34.5 (𝐻 − 8 ) + 4.3𝑆

0.08
= 11.5 (0.74) + 43.5 (0.06 − )+ 4.3(0.01)
8

= 10.278 kg air per kg coal

𝑘𝑔 𝑁2 0.825(28)
= = 0.77
𝑘𝑔 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑 30

𝑘𝑔 𝑔𝑎𝑠
= 15.03 (given)
𝑘𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑙

𝑁2 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑
𝑘𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑙
= 15.03 (0.77) = 11.573

𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 11.573

𝑘𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑙
= 0.768
= 15.069