CAPITOL UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Cagayan De Oro City

POWER PLANT ENGINEERING

ME 24
_DIESEL POWER PLANT EFFECIENCY CALCULATION
TITLE

Plate No.04

DATE PERFORMED: Criteria for Rating (100 pts.)

Criteria Actual
October 11, 2022
Score
DATE DUE:
▪ Promptness (20 pts.)
October 18,2022
▪ Neatness (10 pts.)

SUBMITTED BY: ▪ Computations/Answers/

Rene Nino M. Balingit Data Analysis and Sketches

Student (40 pts.)

SUBMITTED TO: ▪ Conclusion and

Recommendation
Dr. Rogelio C. Golez, Jr
Professor (30 pts.)

❑
Remarks:
100
Total Score
EVALUATION RATING:

1st SEMESTER

School Year: 2022-2023

 LABORATORY REPORT 4

DIESEL POWER PLANT EFFICIENCY CALCULATIONS

Objectives: To be able to;

1. Familiarize with the basic calculations for diesel-electric generating power plant

2. Apply the formulas identified in Laboratory report 3.

3. Calculate the diesel engine efficiency and performance.

Materials:

The Diesel Power

Plant

Theory and Equations:

A. Air Standard Otto Cycle

Inventor: Nikolaus Otto (1832-1891), German inventor, who devised the Otto cycle
Engine, the first effective four-stroke internal-combustion engine
Processes:
1 to 2 – Isentropic Compression
2 to 3 – Constant Volume Heat Addition
3 to 4 – Isentropic Expansion
4 to 1 – Constant Volume Heat Rejection

P T
3 3
QA
S=C
V=C
4
2
S=C 2
4
V=C
1
 Pm 1

CVD V S
VD

Compression Ratio (r)

→ Eq. 1
V1 = V4 and V2 = V3
V1 - volume at bottom dead center (BDC)
V2 – volume at top dead center (TDC)(clearance volume)
Displacement Volume (VD)
VD =V1 – V2 → Eq. 2
Percent Clearance (C)

→ Eq. 3

r= → Eq. 3’
Heat Added (QA)
At V = C ; Q = mCv(ΔT)
QA = mCv(T3 – T2) → Eq. 4

Heat Rejected (QR)

QR = mCv(T4 – T1) → Eq. 5
Net Work (W)
W = ΣQ

W = QA – QR → Eq. 6

P,V and T Relations

At point 1 to 2 (S = C)

At point 2 to 3 (V = C)

→ Eq. 8

At point 3 to 4 (S = C)
 At point 4 to 1 (V = C)

→ Eq. 10

Entropy Change

a) ΔS during Heat Addition

S3 – S2 = mCvln → Eq. 11
b) ΔS during Heat Rejection

S1 - S4 = mCvln → Eq. 12
S1 - S4 = -( S3 – S2) → Eq. 13

Thermal Efficiency

e= x 100% → Eq. 14

e= x 100% → Eq. 15

→ Eq. 16

→ Eq.17

→ Eq. 18
Mean Effective Pressure

→ Eq. 19

where:
Pm – mean effective pressure, KPa
W – Net Work KJ, KJ/kg, KW
VD – Displacement Volume m3, m3/kg, m3/sec

Displacement Volume
 VD = V1 – V2 m3 → Eq. 20
VD = υ1 - υ2 m3/kg → Eq.21

Note:
For Cold Air Standar: k = 1.4
For Hot Air Standard: k = 1.3

B. Air Standard Diesel Cycle

Inventor: Rudolf Diesel, full name Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel (1858-1913), German
engineer, who invented the diesel engine. born March 18, 1858, Paris, France, died
September 29, 1913.German thermal engineer who invented the internal-combustion
engine that bears his name. He was also a distinguished connoisseur of the arts, a
linguist, and a social theorist.
Processes:
1 to 2 – Isentropic Compression
2 to 3 – Constant Pressure Heat Addition
3 to 4 – Isentropic Expansion
4 to 1 – Constant Volume Heat Rejection

P T
2 3 3
QA
S=C
P=C
4
S=C
2
4
V=C
1
W QR
Pm 1

CVD V S
VD
Compression Ratio

→ 1

Cut-Off Ratio(rc)

→ 2
Percent Clearance

→ 3
 → 4

Displacement Volume (VD)

VD =V1 – V2 → Eq. 5
Heat Added (QA)

At P = C ; Q = mCp(ΔT)
QA = mCp(T3 – T2) → Eq. 6
QA = mkCv(T3 – T2) → Eq. 7

Heat Rejected (QR)

QR = mCv(T4 – T1) → Eq. 8

Net Work (W)

W = ΣQ
W = QA – QR → Eq. 9
W = mkCv(T3 – T2) - mCv(T4 – T1)
W = mCv[k (T3 – T2) - (T4 – T1)] → Eq. 10

P,V and T Relations

At point 1 to 2 (S = C)

At point 2 to 3 (P = C)

→ Eq. 12
→ Eq. 13

At point 3 to 4 (S = C)

At point 4 to 1 (V = C)
 → Eq. 15
Entropy Change

a) ΔS during Heat Addition

S3 – S2 = mCpln → Eq. 16
b) ΔS during Heat Rejection

S1 - S4 = mCvln → Eq. 17
S1 - S4 = -( S3 – S2) → Eq. 18

Thermal Efficiency

e= x 100% → Eq. 19

e= x 100% → Eq. 20

→ Eq. 21

→ Eq.22

Substituting Eq. 11, Eq. 13 and Eq. 14 to Eq. 22

x 100% → Eq. 23

Mean Effective Pressure

→ Eq. 24

where:
Pm – mean effective pressure, KPa
W – Net Work KJ, KJ/kg, KW
VD – Displacement Volume m3, m3/kg, m3/sec

Displacement Volume
VD = V1 – V2 m3 → Eq. 25
VD = υ1 - υ2 m3/kg → Eq.26
C. Air Standard Dual Cycle
Processes:
1 to 2 – Isentropic Compression
2 to 3 – Constant Volume Heat Addition Q23
3 to 4 – Constant Pressure Heat Addition Q34
4 to 5 – Isentropic Expansion
5 to 1 - Constant Volume Heat Rejection
P T
QA34
3 4 4
QA23
P=C
3
2 S=C V=C
2
5 5
S=C
V=C

1
1 QR

CVD V S
VD
Compression Ratio

→ Eq. 1
V1 = V5 and V2 = V3
Cut-Off Ratio

→ Eq. 2
Pressure Ratio

→ Eq. 3
P3 = P4

Percent Clearance

→ Eq. 4

→ Eq. 5
Displacement Volume
VD = V1 – V2 m3 → Eq. 6
VD = υ1 - υ2 → Eq. 7

P, V, and T Relations
 At point 1 to 2 (S = C)

At point 2 to 3 (V = C)

→ Eq. 9
→ Eq. 10

At point 3 to 4 (P = C)

At point 4 to 5 (S = C)

→ Eq. 12

At 5 to 1 (V = C)

→ Eq. 14

Entropy change
a) At 2 to 3 (V = C)

S3 – S2 = mCvln → Eq. 15
b) At 3 to 4 (P = C)

S4 – S3 = mCPln → Eq. 16

S4 – S2 = (S3 – S2) + (S4 – S3) → Eq. 17

c) At 5 to 1 (V = C)
 S1 – S5 = mCvln → Eq. 18
Heat Added
QA = QA23 + QA34 → Eq. 19
QA23 = mCv(T3 - T2) → Eq. 20
QA34 = mCp(T4 - T3) = mkCv(T4 - T3) → Eq. 21
QA = mCv[(T3 - T2)+ k(T4 - T3) → Eq. 22

Heat Rejected
QR = mCv(T5 - T1) → Eq. 23

Net Work
W = (QA - QR) → Eq. 24
W = mCv[(T3 - T2) + k(T4 - T3) - (T5 - T1)] → Eq. 25

Thermal Efficiency

e= x 100% → Eq. 26

e= x 100% → Eq. 27

→ Eq. 28

→ Eq.29

Substituting Eq. 8, Eq. 10 and Eq. 11and Eq. 13 to Eq. 29

x 100% → Eq. 30

SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. A 2 - stroke, 4 - cylinders, 38 cm x 53 cm diesel engine is guaranteed to deliver 522 KW at 300 rpm. The fuel
rate is 0.26 kg/KW-hr. If the heating value of the fuel is 44,320 KJ/kg.

Calculate:

a) the brake thermal efficiency (32%)

b) the brake mean effective pressure (422 KPa)

c) suction displacement in m3/min-KW of shaft power (0.15)

d) heat supplied to cylinder per Liter of displacement

Given: 2-stroke, n’ = 4; D = 0.38 m; L = 0.53 m; BP = 522 KW; N = 300 RPM

mFB = 0.26 kg/KW-hr; HV = 44,320 KJ/kg

a.

b.

c.

d.

2. A diesel power plant is to have 3- supercharged, 7 cylinders, 590 KW, 720 RPM, 4-stroke cycle diesel engine.
The full load brake specific fuel consumption is 0.24 kg/KW-hr. Determine the most economical size and
dimensions of a day tank you would install to contain enough fuel for the three units to operate for 24 hours.
Assume D = 0.75H and fuel oil is at 26°API. MF = 3(0.24)(590)(24) = 10,195.2 kg (total mass of fuel consumed)

S of fuel at 26°API = 0.898; ρ = 898 kg/m 3 VF = (volume of fuel)

3. It is claimed that 1 KW is developed for each 9200 KJ supplied per hour based on a lower heating value, by a
supercharged Dorman diesel engine when operated at a brake mean effective pressure of 900 KPa. The lower
heating value of the fuel is 41,900 KJ/kg and the engine is a 4 - stroke cycle with 16 cylinders, 39 cm x 56 cm. If
the engine requires 20 kg of combustion air per kg of fuel, determine:

a) the brake specific fuel consumption in kg/KW-hr

b) the brake power in KW at N = 360 RPM

c) the volumetric efficiency assuming combustion air is at P =101 KPa and T = 298°K.
Solution:

a.

b.

c. mF = 0.22(2,890) = 635.8 kg/hr = 0.177 kg/sec ma = 0.177(20) = 3.54 kg/sec

Va = 3 m3/sec VD = 3.211 m3/sec

ev = 93.5 %

4. An ideal dual combustion cycle operates on 0.454 kg of air. At the beginning of compression
air is at 97 KPa, 316°K. Let rp = 1.5, rc= 1.6 and r = 11. Determine
a. the percent clearance (C = 10%)
b. the heat added, heat rejected and the net cycle work
c. the thermal efficiency

a)
b) QA = QA1 + QA2
QA1 = mCv(T3 – T2)
°K

QA1 = 0.454(0.7175)(1238 – 825) = 135 KJ

QA2 = mCp(T4 – T3)

QA2 = 0.454(1.0045(1981 – 1238) = 339 KJ

Q = QA1 + QA2 = 474 KJ
 x 100%
e = 58.7 %

5. An air standard Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 8 and has air conditions at the beginning
of compression of 100 KPa and 25°C. The heat added is 1400 KJ/kg. Determine:
a) the thermal efficiency (56.5%)
b) the mean effective pressure (1057 KPa)
c) the percent clearance c (14.3%)
Given:
r = 8; P1 = 100 KPa ; T1 = 298°K; QA = 1400 KJ/kg
Solution:

a)
e = 56.5%
b )W = eQA = 0.565(1400) = 791 KJ/kg

Pm =
VD = υ1 - υ2

VD = υ1

VD = = 0.748 m3/kg
Pm = 1057 KPa
c)

r=

C=

C = 14.3%

6. An engine operates on the air standard Otto cycle. The cycle work is 900 KJ/kg, the maximum cycle
temperature is 3000°C and the temperature at the end of isentropic compression is
600°C. Determine the engine's compression ratio and the thermal efficiency.(r = 6.35; e =
52.26%)
Given: W = 900 KJ/kg; T3 = 3273°K; T2 = 873°K
QA = Cv(T3 – T2) = 0.7175(3273 – 873) = 1722 KJ/kg
e = W/QA
e = 52.26%

r = 6.36
SOLVE THE FOLLOWING. SHOW COMPLETE SOLUTION.

1. An air standard diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 20 and a cut-off ratio of 3. Inlet
pressure and temperature are 100 KPa and 27°C. Determine:
a) the heat added in KJ/kg (1998 KJ/kg)
b) the net work in KJ/kg (1178 KJ/kg)
c) the thermal efficiency (61%)
Given: r = 20; rc = 3 ; P1 = 100 KPa ; T1 = 300°C
Solution:

a) Q = mCv(T3 – T2) = 1(0.7175)[300(20)0.4(3)- 300(20)0.4] = 1998 kJ/kg

b)W = 1998 – 820 = 1178 kJ/kg
c) nth = [1 – 820/1998] = 0.61%

2. In the air standard dual cycle, the isentropic compression starts at 100 KPa and 300°K. The
compression ratio is 13, the maximum temperature is 2750°K; the maximum pressure is 6894 KPa. Determine:
a. the work in KJ/kg
b. the heat added in KJ/kg
c. the thermal efficiency
d. the mean effective pressure in KPa
Given:
P1 = 100 KPa ; T1 = 300°K ; r = 13 ; T4 = 2750°K ; P4 = 6894 KPa
P T
QA34
3 4 4
QA23
P=C
3
2 S=C V=C
2
5 5
S=C
V=C

1
1 QR

CVD V S
VD

Solution:

a) W = 1705.5 – 665.2 =1040.3 kJ/kg

b) QA = 1141.6 + 563.6 = 1705.5 kJ/kg
c) nth = 1040.3/1705.5 = 0.60997 = 60.997%
d) Pm = 1040.3/0.79534 = 1308 kPa

3. An air standard Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 8 and has air conditions at the beginning
of compression of 100 KPa and 25°C. The heat added is 1400 KJ/kg. Determine:
a) the thermal efficiency (56.5%)
b) the mean effective pressure (1057 Kpa)
c) the percent clearance c (14.3%)
Given:
r = 8; P1 = 100 Kpa ; T1 = 298°K; QA = 1400 KJ/kg

Solution:

a) nth = 784/1400 = 0.565 = 56.5%

b) Pm = 784/0.741 = 1057 Kpa
c) C = 0.106/0.741 = 0.143 = 14.3%

4. An air standard diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 20 and a cut-off ratio of 3. Inlet
pressure and temperature are 100 Kpa and 27°C. Determine:
 a) the heat added in KJ/kg (1998 KJ/kg)
b) the net work in KJ/kg (1178 KJ/kg)
c) the thermal efficiency (61%)
Given: r = 20; rc = 3 ; P1 = 100 Kpa ; T1 = 300°C
Solution:

a) Q = mCv(T3 – T2) = 1(0.7175)[300(20)0.4(3)- 300(20)0.4] = 1998 kJ/kg

b)W = 1998 – 820 = 1178 kJ/kg
c) nth = [1 – 820/1998] = 0.61%

5. An ideal dual combustion cycle operates on 0.454 kg of air. At the beginning of compression
air is at 97 Kpa, 316°K. Let rp = 1.5, rc= 1.6 and r = 11. Determine
 a. the percent clearance (C = 10%)
b. the heat added, heat rejected and the net cycle work
c. the thermal efficiency
Solution:

ENCIRCLE THE LETTER OF THE CORRECT ANSWER:

1. Diesel cycle is also known as
a) constant volume cycle c) constant temperature cycle
b) constant pressure cycle d) none of the mentioned

2. A diesel engine has compression ratio from

a) 6 to 10 b) 10 to 15 c) 16 to 20 d) 25 to 40

3. In Diesel cycle, heat addition takes place at

a) constant temperature c) constant volume
b) constant pressure d) none of the mentioned

4. The combustion in compression ignition engine is

a) homogeneous b) heterogeneous c) laminar d) none of the mentioned

5. In a diesel engine, the fuel is ignited by

a) spark c) heat resulting from compressing air that is supplied for combustion
b) injected fuel d) combustion chamber

6. The thermal efficiency of a diesel cycle having fixed compression ratio, with increase in cut-off ratio will
a) increase b) decrease c) be independent d) none of the mentioned

7. The pressure at the end of compression, in diesel engines, is approximately

a) 10 bar b) 20 bar c) 25 bar d) 35 bar

8. The combustion in spark ignition engine is

a) homogeneous b) heterogeneous c) laminar d) none of the mentioned

9. If the temperature of intake air in I.C. engine is lowered, then its efficiency will
a) increase c) remain same
b) decrease d) increase up to certain limit and then decrease

10. The fuel in diesel engine is normally injected at pressure of

a) 5-10 kg/cm2 b) 20-25 kg/cm2 c) 60-80 kg/cm2 d) 90-130 kg/cm2

11. A daily load curve which exhibited a 15 minute peak of 150,000 kW is drawn to scales of 1 cm = 3 hrs and
1 cm = 10,000 kW. The area under the curve is measured by a planimeter and found to be 60cm2. What is the
load factor based on the 15 minute peak?
a) 0.50 b) 0.75 c) 0.55 d) 0.65

12. A 60 MW power plant has an average load of 34 500 kW and a load factor of 0.75. Find the reserve power
over a peak load power.
a) 14 000 kW b) ) 46 000 kW c) 20 000 kW d) 5 000 kW

13. Maximum demand of 30 MW and 10 MW are connected to a power plant with a peak load of 70 MW. What
is the diversity factor of the plant?
a) 0.50 b) 0.70 c) 0.65 d) 0.86

14. A diesel electric plant supplies energy for Meralco. During a 24-hour period, the plant consumed 240
gallons of fuel at 28°C and produced 3930 kW-hr. Industrial fuel used is 28°API and was purchased at P30 per
liter at 15.6°C. What is the cost of fuel to be produced in one kW-hr?
a) P6.87 b) P1.10 c) P41.07 d) P5.00
15. Determine the indicated power of a four-cylinder, 4-stroke, Diesel engine with 20-cm bore and 30-cm stroke
running at 1000 rpm and has a reading of 450 kPa mean effective pressure in the indicator diagram.

a) 159.83 Hp b) 189.53 Hp c) 158.93 Hp d) 198.53 Hp

16) An ideal dual combustion cycle operates on 0.45 kg of air. At the beginning of compression, the air is 97
kPaa, 43 oC. Let rp = 1.5, rc = 1.6, and rk = 11. Determine the percent clearance.

a) 10 % b) 11 % c) 9 % d) 12 %

17) Stirling cycle is also called as:

a) Constant volume regenerative cycle c) Constant pressure regenerative cycle

b) Constant temperature regenerative cycle d) Constant entropy regenerative cycle

18) Ericson cycle is also called as:

a) Constant volume regenerative cycle c) Constant pressure regenerative cycle

b) Constant temperature regenerative cycle d) Constant entropy regenerative cycle

19) Determine the brake power of the engine having a brake thermal efficiency of 35 % and uses 25 oAPI fuel
with fuel consumption of 40 kg/hr.

a) 160.67 kW b) 173.52 kW c) 174.52 kW d) 165.84 kW

20) It is a term used by automobile manufacturers to designate the power required to move a car horizontally at
50 mi/hr against the drag force. What is this?

a) Mechanical horsepower b) Aero horsepower c) Fuel power d) Fluid power

21. Determine the indicated power of a four-cylinder, 4-stroke, Diesel engine with 20-cm bore and 30-cm stroke
running at 1000 rpm and has a reading of 450 kPa mean effective pressure in the indicator diagram.

a) 159.83 Hp b) 189.53 Hp c) 158.93 Hp d) 198.53 Hp

9) Determine the indicated mean effective pressure of an engine, in psi, having a brake mean effective pressure
of 750 kPa and 80 % mechanical efficiency.

a) 138 b) 137 c) 136 d) 135

10) The compression ratio in an air-standard Otto cycle is 10. At the beginning of the compression stroke the
pressure is 120 kpa and the temperature is 15 degree C. Calculate the pressure and the temperature at the end of
the compression process.

a) 4,000 kPa b) 3,500 kPa c) 3,014 kPa d) 3,200 kPa

11) A diesel cycle has a cut off ratio of 2.5 and expansion ratio of 4. Find the clearance of the cycle.

a) 9.11 % b) 5.55% c) 11.11% d) 15.25%

12) A dual cycle has an initial temperature of 30C. The compression ratio is 6 and heat addition at constant
volume process is 600 Kj/kg. If cut-off ratio is 2.5, Find the maximum temperature of the cycle.

a) 3638.5⁰C b) 3365.50⁰C c) 3565.50⁰C d) 3965.50⁰C

13) The thermal efficiency of an ideal Otto Cycle depends on _____________ of the working fluid.

a) the pressure ratio of the engine and the specific heat ratio

b) The temperature ratio of the engine and the specific heat ratio

c) The moles ratio of the engine and the specific heat ratio

d) the compression ratio of the engine and the specific heat ratio

14) Carnot cycle A, B and C are connected in series so that the heat rejected from A will be the heat added to B
and heat rejected from B will be added to C. Each cycle oprates between 30⁰C and 400⁰C. If heat added to A is
1000kW, find the work output of C.

a) 111.44 kW b) 549.78 kW c) 247.53 k d) 141.89 kW

17) In a spark ignition engine, the detonation occurs near the

a) End of combustion c) Middle of combustion

b) Beginning of combustion d) Beginning of interaction

18) Is an obvious reason for incomplete combustion

a) Insufficient carbon c) Insufficient air

b) Insufficient nitrogen d) Insufficient oxygen

19) Which of the following is not a method of starting a diesel engine?

a) Manual: rope, crank and kick c) Electric battery

b) Compressed air d) Using another generator

20) Two-stroke engine performs ______________ to completer one cycle

a) Suction and discharge stroke c) Power and exhaust stroke

b) Compression and power stroke d) Suction and exhaust stroke