POWER CYCLES

A. CARNOT CYCLE (TSTS)- most efficient cycle

Flow diagram:
QA

1 Hot source 2
Adiabatic Turbine or Exapander
T =C
Adiabatic Compressor
S =C WT
WC
S =C

T =C
4 Cold Source
3

QR

1. Use of PV and TS diagram

T 1 T =C 2
Q=0 +Q

S =C QT S =C
−Q Q=0
4 T =C 3
S
2. PVT relationships
Process 1 - 2 : (T = c)
P2V2 P1V1
=
T2 T1
V2 P2
reT =C = =
V1 P1

Process 2 - 3 (S = C )
1
 k −1
k −1 
k −1
 
 T3  P3 
k
 V2  
 T =  P  =  V  
 2    3 

 1 1
 T3=  k −1 P  K V
  =  3  = 2
 T2   P2  V3
1 1
 T2  k −1  P2  K V3
  =   =  res =c
 T3   P3  V2

Process 3 - 4 (T = C )
P4V4 P3V3
=
T4 T3
V3 P4
reT =C → =
V4 P3

Process 4 - 1 : (S = C )
1
 k −1
k −1  k −1
T 
 1 =  1  =  V4  
P  k

 T4  P4  V  
 1 
 

notes :
a. Isentropic expnasion ratio (res =c )
= isentropic compression ratio (rk S =c )
V3 V4
=
V4 V1
b. Isoythermal expansion ration (reT =C )
= isothermal compression ratio (reT =C )
V2 V3
=
V1 V4

3. Heat Added, Qa =  + Q
process 1 - 2 (T = C )
V2 V V V
Q A → Q1−2 = P1V1 ln = mRT1 ln 2 = P2V2 ln 2 = mRT2 ln 2
V1 V1 V1 V1
P2 P P P
= P1V1 ln = mRT1 ln 2 = P2V2 ln 2 = mRT2 ln 2
P1 P1 P1 P1
where : PV = C ; P1V1 = C
and P1V1 = mRT1 ; P2V2 = mRT2
4. Heat Rejected, Q R =  − Q
process 3 − 4 : (T = C )
V4 V V V
QR → Q3− 4 = P3V3 ln = mRT3 ln 4 = P4V4 ln 4 = mRT4 ln 4
V3 V3 V3 V3
P3 P P
= P3V3 ln = mRT3 ln 3 = P4V4 ln 3
P4 P4 P4
5. Net Work, Wnet
Wnet = Q A − QR
P1 P
= mRT1 ln − mRT4 ln 1
P2 P2

= mR(T1 − T4 ) ln
P1
P2

6. Thermal Efficiency , e
Wnet mR(T1 − T4 )
e= x100% = x100%
QA P1
mRT1 ln
P2

7. Mean Effective Pressure, Pm

Wnet
Pm =
Vd
Wnet
Pm =
V3 − V1

Ex. Carnot Cycle

A carnot cycle engine uses 0.5 kg/s of air as the working substance. The pressure
and temperature at the start of isothermal expansion are 1Mpa and 370 0C respectively. If
the isothermal expansion ratio is 4 and the adiabatic expansion ration is 2, determine:
a. the heat added
b. the heat rejected
c. thermal efficiency
d. the mean effective pressure

Solution :
V2 V3
reT =C = 4 = rk S =c = 2 =
V1 V2
1st FLOW DIAGRAM then TS DIAGRAM

T 1 T =C 2
Q=0 +Q

S =C QT S =C
−Q Q=0
4 T =C 3
S

1. solving for the heat added

process 1 - 2 (T = C )
• V2
Q A = Q1−2 = m R AT1 ln
V1
= 127.914 kJ
s
b. solving for the heat rejected
• V4
QR = Q3−4 = m R AT3 ln
V3
• V3
= − m R AT3 ln
V4
• V2
= − m R AT3 ln
V1
from process 2 - 3, S = C
PVT relationships
k −1
k −1
T3  P3  k  V2 
=   =  
T2  P2   V3 
where : T2 = T1 = 643o K
V3
= 2; k = 1.4
V2
643
T3 = = 487.302 o K
(2)1.4 −1

therefore :
QR = − 96.94 kJ
s
c. solving for the thermal effeciency
Wnet
e= x100%
QA
Q A − QR
e= x100%
QA
e = 24.214%
d . solving for the mean effective pressure
Wnet Q A − QR
Pm = =
VD V3 − V1
where :
•
P1V1 = ma RaT1
•
m RT
V1 = a a
P1
3
V1 = 0.0923 m
s
and
V3
res =c =
V2
V3 = res =c (V2 )
V3 = res =c reT =C (V1 )
3
V3 = 0.7384 m
s
therfore :
Pm = 47.94kpa