DJJ20063 - THERMODYNAMICS

1. PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCE

Steam

v = xvg h = hf + xhfg u = uf + x(ug – uf) s = sf + xsfg

Ideal Gas

PV = mRT R = Ro R = Cp - Cv γ = Cp
M Cv

2. FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

ΣQ = ΣW Q – W = U2 – U1

Flow Process
CA
m = CA = h = u + pv
V
h = Cp ∆T
  C − C12 2
 
Q − W = m (h2 − h1 ) +  2  + (Z 2 − Z1 )g 

  2  

Non-Flow Process

1. Isothermal Process ( PV = C )

U2 – U1 = 0 Q=W

𝑉 𝑃
𝑊 = 𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑙𝑛 (𝑉2 ) @ 𝑊 = 𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑙𝑛 (𝑃1 )
1 2

𝑉 𝑃
𝑊 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇 𝑙𝑛 (𝑉2 ) @ 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇 𝑙𝑛 (𝑃1 )
1 2

2. Adiabatic Process ( PVγ= C)

P1V1 − P2V2 mR (T1 − T2 )
U2 – U1 = mCv(T2 - T1) W = =
 −1  −1

 −1
 −1
T2  P2   V 
Q=0 =  =  1 
T1  P1   V2 
 DJJ20063 - THERMODYNAMICS

3. Polytropic Process ( PVn = C )

1 1 − P2V2
PV mR( T1 − T2 )
U2 - U1 = mCv(T2 - T1) W= =
n −1 n −1
n −1
n −1
 −n T2  P2  n V 
Q= xW =  =  1 
 −1 T1  P1   V2 
4. Isobaric Process
U2-U1 = Q - W
W = P(V2 - V1)= mR (T2 – T1)
Q = mCp (T2-T1)

5. Isometric Process
U2 – U1 = Q
W=0
Q = mCv (T2-T1)

3. SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑄𝐻 − 𝑄𝐿

Heat Engine
Wnet ,out QL
th = = 1−
QH QH
Refrigerator
TL 1
COPR ,rev = =
TH − TL TH / TL − 1
Heat Pump
TH 1
COPHP ,rev = =
TH − TL 1 − TL / TH
Power Cycle

𝑊𝑇 − 𝑊𝑃 (ℎ1 − ℎ2 ) − (ℎ4 − ℎ3 )
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒 = =
𝑄𝐵 (ℎ1 − ℎ4 )

𝑊𝑇 − 𝑊𝑃 (ℎ1 − ℎ2 ) − (ℎ4 − ℎ3 )
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = =
𝑊𝑇 (ℎ1 − ℎ2 )

3600 3600
𝑠. 𝑠. 𝑐 = =
𝑊𝑇 − 𝑊𝑃 (ℎ1 − ℎ2 ) − (ℎ4 − ℎ3 )