Thermodynamic Cycles

Look at different cycles that approximate real

processes
You can categorize these processes several
different ways
Power Cycles vs. Refrigeration
Gas vs. Vapor
Closed vs. open
Internal Combustion vs. External Combustion
 Power Cycles

Otto Cycle
Spark Ignition
Diesel Cycle
Brayton Cycle
Gas Turbine
Rankine Cycle

These are all heat engines. They convert heat to work, so

the efficiency is:
Wnet
th =
Qin
Ideal Cycles

Well be using ideal cycles to analyze

real systems, so lets start with the only
ideal cycle weve studied so far

Carnot Cycle
 Q
W

Q-W=0 Q=W
In addition, we know that the efficiency for a
Carnot Cycle is:
TL
th , Carnot = 1
TH
Carnot Cycle is not a good model for most real
processes

For example
Internal combustion engine
Gas turbine
We need to develop a new model, that
is still ideal
Air-Standard Assumptions

Air continuously circulates in a closed

loop and behaves as an ideal gas
All the processes are internally
reversible
Combustion is replaced by a heat-
addition process from the outside
Heat rejection replaces the exhaust
process
Also assume a constant value for Cp,
evaluated at room temperature
 Terminology for Reciprocating Devices

V max VBDC
Compression Ratio r= =
V min VTDC
Mean Effective Pressure

2
W = PdV
1

W = PV
v

v
1-2 Isentropic Compression
2-3 Constant Volume Heat Addition
3-4 Isentropic Expansion
4-1 Constant Volume Heat Rejection
 Thermal Efficiency of the Otto Cycle

Wnet Qnet Qin Qout Qout

th = = = = 1
Qin Qin Qin Qin
Apply First Law Closed System to Process 2-3, V = Constant

Qnet , 23 Wnet , 23 = U 23
3
Wnet , 23 = Wother , 23 + Wb , 23 = 0 + PdV = 0
2

Qnet , 23 = U 23
Qnet , 23 = Qin = mCv (T3 T2 )
Apply First Law Closed System to Process 4-1,V = Constant

Qnet , 41 Wnet , 41 = U 41
1
Wnet , 41 = Wother , 41 +W b , 41= 0 + PdV = 0
4

Qnet , 41 = U 41
Qnet , 41 = Qout = mCv (T1 T4 )
Qout = mCv (T1 T4 ) = mCv (T4 T1 )
 Qout (T4 T1 )
th , Otto = 1 th , Otto = 1
Qin (T3 T2 )

mCv ( T4 T1 ) T1 ( T4 / T1 1)
= 1 = 1
mCv ( T3 T2 ) T2 ( T3 / T2 1)

Recall processes 1-2 and 3-4 are isentropic, so

k 1 k 1
T2 v1 T3 v4 T2 T3
= and = =
T1 v2 T4 v3 T1 T4
or
T4 T3
v3 = v2 and v4 = v1 =
T1 T2
 (T4 T1 )
th , Otto = 1
(T3 T2 )
T1 (T4 / T1 1)
= 1
T2 (T3 / T2 1)

T1
th , Otto = 1
T2
Is this the same as the Carnot efficiency?
Efficiency of the Otto Cycle vs. Carnot Cycle

There are only two temperatures in the

Carnot cycle
Heat is added at TH
Heat is rejected at TL
There are four temperatures in the Otto
cycle!!
Heat is added over a range of temperatures
Heat is rejected over a range of temperatures
 Since process 1-2 is isentropic,

k 1
T1 V2 1
= = 1
T2 V1 r k 1
th , Otto = 1 k 1
r
T1
th , Otto = 1
T2

Typical Compression
Ratios for Gasoline
Engines
Increasing Compression Ratio
Increases the Efficiency
Why not use higher compression Ratios?

Premature Ignition
Causes Knock
Reduces the Efficiency
Mechanically need a better design
Diesel Engines

No spark plug
Fuel is sprayed into hot compressed air
State Diagrams for the Diesel Cycle
Diesel Cycle Otto Cycle

The only
difference
is in
process
2-3
Consider Process 2-3
This is the step where heat is transferred into the
system
We model it as constant pressure instead of constant
volume
qin , 23 wb ,out = u = u3 u2
qin , 23 = u + Pv = h = C p (T3 T2 )
Consider Process 4-1
This is where heat is rejected
We model this as a constant v process
That means there is no boundary work

q41 w41 = u
q41 = qout = u = Cv (T1 T4 )
qout = Cv (T4 T1 )
As for any heat engine

wnet qout
th = = 1
qin qin
qout = Cv (T4 T1 ) and qin = C p (T3 T2 )

nth ,diesel = 1
Cv (T4 T1 )
= 1
(T4 T1 )
C p (T3 T2 ) k (T3 T2 )
 Rearrange

T1 (T4 T1 1)
nth ,diesel = 1
kT2 (T3 T2 1)
PV PV
3 3
= 2 2 where P3 = P2
T3 T2
T3 V3
= = rc
T2 V2

rc is called the cutoff ratio its the ratio of

the cylinder volume before and after the
combustion process
 T1 (T4 T1 1)
nth ,diesel = 1
kT2 (rc 1)

PV PV
4 4
= 1 1 where V4 = V1
T4 T1
T4 P4
=
T1 P1
 T1 (TP44 TP11 1)
nth ,diesel = 1
kT2 (rc 1)
Since Process 1-2 and Process 3-4
are both isentropic

PV = P V and
1 1
k
2 2
k

P V = PV
4 4
k
3 3
k

k
P4 V k
P3 V V3 k
= 4
k
= = rck 3
k
P1 V P2 V
1 V2 2

1 1
 nth ,diesel = 1
(
T1 r 1 c
k
)
kT2 (rc 1)
Finally, Since process 1-2 is
isentropic

k 1 The volume ratio

T1 v2 from 1 to 2 is the
= compression ratio, r
T2 v1

k 1
T1 1
=
T2 r
 1 rc 1
k
th ,diesel = 1 k 1
r k (rc 1)

k=1.4
The efficiency of the Otto cycle is always higher than the
Diesel cycle

Why use the Diesel cycle?

Because you can use higher compression ratios